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10 R f
(AT&T Bell Laboratories)2 993 1 2563 1740 t
(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2426 1860 t
(Computing Science Technical Report No. 116)5 1848 1 2136 3000 t
12 B f
(PIC \320 A Graphics Language for Typesetting)6 2328 1 1896 3270 t
(User Manual\262)1 730 1 2695 3420 t
10 I f
(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2653 3660 t
10 R f
(Revised, May, 1991)2 805 1 720 6240 t
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2 pagesetup
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(PIC \320 A Graphics Language for Typesetting)6 2328 1 1896 1230 t
(User Manual\262)1 730 1 2695 1380 t
10 I f
(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2653 1620 t
10 R f
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10 I f
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3 pagesetup
12 B f
(PIC \320 A Graphics Language for Typesetting)6 2328 1 1896 1230 t
(User Manual\262)1 730 1 2695 1380 t
10 I f
(Brian W. Kernighan)2 814 1 2653 1620 t
10 R f
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(Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974)4 1267 1 2426 1920 t
10 B f
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10 I f
(Pic)970 2436 w
10 R f
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10 I f
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10 R f
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10 I f
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10 I f
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4230 5682 4230 5322 Dl
3690 5682 4230 5682 Dl
(output)3832 5522 w
4590 5502 4230 5502 Dl
4590 5502 4518 5520 Dl
4590 5502 4518 5484 Dl
(One way to leave a space is with)7 1305 1 720 5880 t
10 CW f
(move)2050 5880 w
10 R f
(:)2290 5880 w
9 CW f
(box; move; box; move; box)4 1350 1 1008 6050 t
10 R f
1890 6272 1890 6632 Dl
2430 6272 1890 6272 Dl
2430 6632 2430 6272 Dl
1890 6632 2430 6632 Dl
2790 6272 2790 6632 Dl
3330 6272 2790 6272 Dl
3330 6632 3330 6272 Dl
2790 6632 3330 6632 Dl
3690 6272 3690 6632 Dl
4230 6272 3690 6272 Dl
4230 6632 4230 6272 Dl
3690 6632 4230 6632 Dl
( you specify a direction \(as a)6 1213( If)1 126(Although objects are normally connected left to right, this can be changed.)11 3091 3 970 6866 t
(separate object\), subsequent objects will be joined in that direction:)9 2691 1 720 6986 t
9 CW f
(down; box; arrow; ellipse; arrow; circle)5 2160 1 1008 7156 t
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10 R f
(- 3 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
2790 840 2790 1200 Dl
3330 840 2790 840 Dl
3330 1200 3330 840 Dl
2790 1200 3330 1200 Dl
3060 1560 3060 1200 Dl
3060 1560 3042 1488 Dl
3060 1560 3078 1488 Dl
2790 1740 540 360 De
3060 2280 3060 1920 Dl
3060 2280 3042 2208 Dl
3060 2280 3078 2208 Dl
2880 2460 360 360 De
9 CW f
(left; box; arrow; ellipse; arrow; circle)5 2160 1 1008 2888 t
10 R f
3600 3110 3600 3470 Dl
4140 3110 3600 3110 Dl
4140 3470 4140 3110 Dl
3600 3470 4140 3470 Dl
3240 3290 3600 3290 Dl
3240 3290 3312 3272 Dl
3240 3290 3312 3308 Dl
2700 3290 540 360 De
2340 3290 2700 3290 Dl
2340 3290 2412 3272 Dl
2340 3290 2412 3308 Dl
1980 3290 360 360 De
(Each new picture begins going to the right.)7 1720 1 720 3668 t
( is possible, however, to)4 1038( It)1 129( drawn at a fixed scale, with objects of a standard size.)11 2373(Normally, figures are)2 890 4 970 3824 t
( the)1 149( If)1 118( to fit a particular width.)5 981(arrange that a figure be expanded or shrunk)7 1757 4 720 3944 t
10 CW f
(.PS)3752 3944 w
10 R f
(line contains a number, the drawing)5 1441 1 3959 3944 t
( Thus)1 250(is forced to be that many inches wide, with the height scaled proportionately.)12 3079 2 720 4064 t
9 CW f
(.PS 3.5)1 378 1 1008 4234 t
10 R f
( two dimensions are specified, the second is the height.)9 2200( If)1 116(causes the picture to be 3.5 inches wide.)7 1605 3 720 4414 t
10 I f
(Pic)970 4570 w
10 R f
( is no way to)4 519( There)1 284(is pretty dumb about the size of text in relation to the size of boxes, circles, and so on.)18 3468 3 1129 4570 t
( text'' or ``make this text fit inside this circle'' or ``draw a line as long as)16 2986(say ``make a box that just fits around this)8 1694 2 720 4690 t
( fitting of text can generally only be done by trial and error.)12 2376( Tight)1 267(this text.'')1 411 3 720 4810 t
( you make a grammatical error in the way you describe a picture,)12 2656(Speaking of errors, if)3 860 2 970 4966 t
10 I f
(pic)4516 4966 w
10 R f
(will complain and)2 732 1 4668 4966 t
( example, the invalid input)4 1069( For)1 189(try to indicate where.)3 848 3 720 5086 t
9 CW f
(box arrow box)2 702 1 1008 5256 t
10 R f
(will draw the message)3 890 1 720 5436 t
9 CW f
(pic: syntax error near line 5, file -)7 1998 1 1008 5606 t
(context is)1 540 1 1062 5716 t
( box)1 270( <<<)1 216( arrow)1 378(box >>>)1 378 4 1440 5826 t
10 R f
( to the place where the error was first noted; it sometimes follows the word in error, although in)18 3927(The brackets point)2 753 2 720 6006 t
( filename `)2 432( The)1 205(this example it's right on target.)5 1277 3 720 6126 t
10 CW f
(-)2634 6126 w
10 R f
(' is the standard input.)4 891 1 2694 6126 t
10 B f
( Sizes)1 236(3. Controlling)1 620 2 720 6366 t
10 R f
( The)1 208( deals with how to control the sizes of objects when the default sizes are not what is wanted.)18 3734(This section)1 488 3 970 6522 t
(next section deals with positioning them when the default positions are not right.)12 3229 1 720 6642 t
(Each object that)2 661 1 970 6798 t
10 I f
(pic)1665 6798 w
10 R f
( radius,)1 304(knows about \(boxes, circles, etc.\) has associated dimensions, like height, width,)10 3275 2 1821 6798 t
( default,)1 328( By)1 168(and so on.)2 410 3 720 6918 t
10 I f
(pic)1652 6918 w
10 R f
( be)1 119(tries to choose sensible default values for these dimensions, so that simple pictures can)13 3481 2 1800 6918 t
( in their default)3 637( of the figures and motions shown so far have been)10 2105( All)1 185(drawn with a minimum of fuss and bother.)7 1753 4 720 7038 t
(sizes:)720 7158 w
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6 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 4 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
(box)1080 900 w
10 S1 f
()1800 900 w
1800 900 m
75 build_34
1875 900 m
10 R f
(" wide)1 260 1 1875 900 t
10 S f
(\264)2160 900 w
10 S1 f
()2240 900 w
2240 900 m
75 build_12
2315 900 m
10 R f
(" high)1 244 1 2315 900 t
(circle)1080 1020 w
10 S1 f
()1800 1020 w
1800 1020 m
75 build_12
1875 1020 m
10 R f
(" diameter)1 415 1 1875 1020 t
(ellipse)1080 1140 w
10 S1 f
()1800 1140 w
1800 1140 m
75 build_34
1875 1140 m
10 R f
(" wide)1 260 1 1875 1140 t
10 S f
(\264)2160 1140 w
10 S1 f
()2240 1140 w
2240 1140 m
75 build_12
2315 1140 m
10 R f
(" high)1 244 1 2315 1140 t
(arc)1080 1260 w
10 S1 f
()1800 1260 w
1800 1260 m
75 build_12
1875 1260 m
10 R f
(" radius)1 310 1 1875 1260 t
(line or arrow)2 515 1 1080 1380 t
10 S1 f
()1800 1380 w
1800 1380 m
75 build_12
1875 1380 m
10 R f
(" long)1 244 1 1875 1380 t
(move)1080 1500 w
10 S1 f
()1800 1500 w
1800 1500 m
75 build_12
1875 1500 m
10 R f
(" in the current direction)4 978 1 1875 1500 t
(When necessary, you can make any object any size you want:)10 2463 1 720 1716 t
9 CW f
(box width 3 height 0.1; circle radius 0.1)7 2214 1 1008 1886 t
10 R f
1908 2144 1908 2216 Dl
4068 2144 1908 2144 Dl
4068 2216 4068 2144 Dl
1908 2216 4068 2216 Dl
4068 2180 144 144 De
( wide and 1/10 inch high and the circle has radius)10 2030(All positions and dimensions are in inches, so the box is 3 inches)12 2650 2 720 2450 t
(1/10 inch.)1 400 1 720 2570 t
(An attribute like)2 657 1 970 2726 t
10 CW f
(width)1654 2726 w
10 R f
( can also change the default size for)7 1440( You)1 224(changes only the one instance of the object.)7 1755 3 1981 2726 t
(all objects of a particular type by assigning values to)9 2100 1 720 2846 t
10 I f
(pic)2845 2846 w
10 R f
(variables; this will be discussed in Section 6.)7 1794 1 2992 2846 t
(The attributes of)2 684 1 970 3002 t
10 CW f
(height)1691 3002 w
10 R f
(\(which you can abbreviate to)4 1206 1 2088 3002 t
10 CW f
(ht)3331 3002 w
10 R f
(\) and)1 214 1 3451 3002 t
10 CW f
(width)3702 3002 w
10 R f
(\(or)4039 3002 w
10 CW f
(wid)4192 3002 w
10 R f
(\) apply to boxes, circles,)4 1028 1 4372 3002 t
( attributes of)2 517( The)1 211(ellipses, and to the head on an arrow.)7 1525 3 720 3122 t
10 CW f
(radius)3004 3122 w
10 R f
(\(or)3395 3122 w
10 CW f
(rad)3542 3122 w
10 R f
(\) and)1 208 1 3722 3122 t
10 CW f
(diameter)3961 3122 w
10 R f
(\(or)4472 3122 w
10 CW f
(diam)4619 3122 w
10 R f
(\) can be used)3 541 1 4859 3122 t
(for circles and arcs if they seem more natural.)8 1825 1 720 3242 t
( you are right now, in)5 875(Lines and arrows are most easily drawn by specifying the amount of motion from where)14 3555 2 970 3398 t
( the words)2 428( Accordingly)1 555(terms of directions.)2 786 3 720 3518 t
10 CW f
(up)2519 3518 w
10 R f
(,)2639 3518 w
10 CW f
(down)2694 3518 w
10 R f
(,)2934 3518 w
10 CW f
(left)2989 3518 w
10 R f
(and)3259 3518 w
10 CW f
(right)3433 3518 w
10 R f
(and an optional distance can be attached)6 1637 1 3763 3518 t
(to)720 3638 w
10 CW f
(line)823 3638 w
10 R f
(,)1063 3638 w
10 CW f
(arrow)1113 3638 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 1413 3638 t
10 CW f
(move)1632 3638 w
10 R f
(:)1872 3638 w
9 CW f
(line up 1 right 2)4 918 1 1008 3808 t
(arrow left 2)2 648 1 1008 3918 t
(move left 0.1)2 702 1 1008 4028 t
(line <-> down 1 "height " rjust)6 1674 1 1008 4138 t
10 R f
3816 4360 2376 5080 Dl
2376 4360 3816 4360 Dl
2376 4360 2448 4342 Dl
2376 4360 2448 4378 Dl
2304 4360 2322 4432 Dl
2304 4360 2286 4432 Dl
2304 5080 2304 4360 Dl
2304 5080 2286 5008 Dl
2304 5080 2322 5008 Dl
(height)2029 4740 w
(The notation)1 508 1 720 5278 t
10 CW f
(<->)1253 5278 w
10 R f
( use)1 159(indicates a two-headed arrow;)3 1199 2 1458 5278 t
10 CW f
(->)2842 5278 w
10 R f
(for a head on the end and)6 1014 1 2988 5278 t
10 CW f
(<-)4028 5278 w
10 R f
( and)1 170( Lines)1 273(for one on the start.)4 783 3 4174 5278 t
(arrows are really the same thing; in fact,)7 1607 1 720 5398 t
10 CW f
(arrow)2352 5398 w
10 R f
(is a synonym for)3 669 1 2677 5398 t
10 CW f
(line ->)1 385 1 3371 5398 t
10 R f
(.)3756 5398 w
(If you don't specify any distance after)6 1518 1 970 5554 t
10 CW f
(up)2513 5554 w
10 R f
(,)2633 5554 w
10 CW f
(down)2683 5554 w
10 R f
(, etc.,)1 216 1 2923 5554 t
10 I f
(pic)3164 5554 w
10 R f
(uses the standard distance:)3 1062 1 3311 5554 t
9 CW f
(line up right; line down; line down left; line up)9 2646 1 1008 5724 t
10 R f
3240 5946 2880 6306 Dl
3240 6306 3240 5946 Dl
2880 6666 3240 6306 Dl
2880 6306 2880 6666 Dl
(If you omit the direction associated with a distance, the current direction is used.)13 3220 1 720 6864 t
(Boxes and lines may be dotted or dashed:)7 1662 1 970 7020 t
9 CW f
(box dotted; line dotted; move; line dashed; box dashed)8 2916 1 1008 7190 t
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10 R f
(- 5 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
7 R f
( .)1 0(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)15 558 2 1970 1203 t
(.)2510 1167 w
(.)2510 1131 w
(.)2510 1095 w
(.)2510 1059 w
(.)2510 1023 w
(.)2510 987 w
(.)2510 951 w
(.)2510 915 w
(.)2510 879 w
( .)1 0( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)15 -540(. .)1 18 3 2510 843 t
(.)1970 879 w
(.)1970 915 w
(.)1970 951 w
(.)1970 987 w
(.)1970 1023 w
(.)1970 1059 w
(.)1970 1095 w
(.)1970 1131 w
(.)1970 1167 w
(.)1970 1203 w
(. . . . . . . . . . .)10 378 1 2510 1023 t
10 R f
3276 1020 3240 1020 Dl
3356 1020 3320 1020 Dl
3438 1020 3402 1020 Dl
3518 1020 3482 1020 Dl
3600 1020 3564 1020 Dl
3636 1200 3600 1200 Dl
3708 1200 3672 1200 Dl
3780 1200 3744 1200 Dl
3852 1200 3816 1200 Dl
3924 1200 3888 1200 Dl
3996 1200 3960 1200 Dl
4068 1200 4032 1200 Dl
4140 1200 4104 1200 Dl
4140 1164 4140 1200 Dl
4140 1083 4140 1119 Dl
4140 1002 4140 1038 Dl
4140 921 4140 957 Dl
4140 840 4140 876 Dl
4104 840 4140 840 Dl
4032 840 4068 840 Dl
3960 840 3996 840 Dl
3888 840 3924 840 Dl
3816 840 3852 840 Dl
3744 840 3780 840 Dl
3672 840 3708 840 Dl
3600 840 3636 840 Dl
3600 876 3600 840 Dl
3600 956 3600 920 Dl
3600 1038 3600 1002 Dl
3600 1118 3600 1082 Dl
3600 1200 3600 1164 Dl
(If there is a number after)5 1033 1 720 1398 t
10 CW f
(dot)1787 1398 w
10 R f
( size of the)3 465( can also control the)4 840( You)1 231(, the dots will be approximately that far apart.)8 1897 4 1967 1398 t
( if there is a length after the word)8 1330(dashes \(at least somewhat\):)3 1098 2 720 1518 t
10 CW f
(dashed)3173 1518 w
10 R f
(, the dashes will be that long, and the interven-)9 1867 1 3533 1518 t
(ing spaces will be as close as possible to that size:)10 1998 1 720 1638 t
9 CW f
(line right 5 dashed; move left 5 down .25; right)9 2592 1 1008 1808 t
(line right 5 dashed 0.25; move left 5 down .25; right)10 2862 1 1008 1918 t
(line right 5 dashed 0.5; move left 5 down .25; right)10 2808 1 1008 2028 t
(line right 5 dashed 1)4 1134 1 1008 2138 t
10 R f
1296 2360 1260 2360 Dl
1368 2360 1332 2360 Dl
1441 2360 1405 2360 Dl
1514 2360 1478 2360 Dl
1586 2360 1550 2360 Dl
1659 2360 1623 2360 Dl
1732 2360 1696 2360 Dl
1805 2360 1769 2360 Dl
1877 2360 1841 2360 Dl
1950 2360 1914 2360 Dl
2023 2360 1987 2360 Dl
2095 2360 2059 2360 Dl
2168 2360 2132 2360 Dl
2241 2360 2205 2360 Dl
2314 2360 2278 2360 Dl
2386 2360 2350 2360 Dl
2459 2360 2423 2360 Dl
2532 2360 2496 2360 Dl
2604 2360 2568 2360 Dl
2677 2360 2641 2360 Dl
2750 2360 2714 2360 Dl
2823 2360 2787 2360 Dl
2895 2360 2859 2360 Dl
2968 2360 2932 2360 Dl
3041 2360 3005 2360 Dl
3114 2360 3078 2360 Dl
3187 2360 3151 2360 Dl
3260 2360 3224 2360 Dl
3332 2360 3296 2360 Dl
3405 2360 3369 2360 Dl
3478 2360 3442 2360 Dl
3551 2360 3515 2360 Dl
3623 2360 3587 2360 Dl
3696 2360 3660 2360 Dl
3769 2360 3733 2360 Dl
3841 2360 3805 2360 Dl
3914 2360 3878 2360 Dl
3987 2360 3951 2360 Dl
4060 2360 4024 2360 Dl
4132 2360 4096 2360 Dl
4205 2360 4169 2360 Dl
4278 2360 4242 2360 Dl
4350 2360 4314 2360 Dl
4423 2360 4387 2360 Dl
4496 2360 4460 2360 Dl
4569 2360 4533 2360 Dl
4641 2360 4605 2360 Dl
4714 2360 4678 2360 Dl
4787 2360 4751 2360 Dl
4860 2360 4824 2360 Dl
1440 2540 1260 2540 Dl
1782 2540 1602 2540 Dl
2124 2540 1944 2540 Dl
2466 2540 2286 2540 Dl
2808 2540 2628 2540 Dl
3150 2540 2970 2540 Dl
3492 2540 3312 2540 Dl
3834 2540 3654 2540 Dl
4176 2540 3996 2540 Dl
4518 2540 4338 2540 Dl
4860 2540 4680 2540 Dl
1620 2720 1260 2720 Dl
2268 2720 1908 2720 Dl
2916 2720 2556 2720 Dl
3564 2720 3204 2720 Dl
4212 2720 3852 2720 Dl
4860 2720 4500 2720 Dl
1980 2900 1260 2900 Dl
3420 2900 2700 2900 Dl
4860 2900 4140 2900 Dl
(Dotted or dashed attributes apply only to lines and boxes.)9 2298 1 720 3098 t
( by adding the word)4 803(You can make any object invisible)5 1384 2 970 3290 t
10 CW f
(invis)3183 3290 w
10 R f
( is particularly useful for position-)5 1373( This)1 229(after it.)1 289 3 3509 3290 t
(ing things correctly near text:)4 1176 1 720 3410 t
9 CW f
(box invis "input"; arrow; box invis "output")6 2376 1 1008 3580 t
10 R f
(input)2507 4002 w
3240 3982 2880 3982 Dl
3240 3982 3168 4000 Dl
3240 3982 3168 3964 Dl
(output)3382 4002 w
(Text may be positioned on lines and arrows:)7 1773 1 970 4396 t
9 CW f
(arrow "on top of"; move)4 1242 1 1008 4566 t
(arrow "above" "below"; move)3 1458 1 1008 4676 t
(arrow "above" above; move)3 1350 1 1008 4786 t
(arrow "below" below; move)3 1350 1 1008 4896 t
(arrow "above" "on top of" "below")5 1782 1 1008 5006 t
10 R f
1800 5186 1440 5186 Dl
1800 5186 1728 5204 Dl
1800 5186 1728 5168 Dl
(on top of)2 361 1 1440 5206 t
2520 5186 2160 5186 Dl
2520 5186 2448 5204 Dl
2520 5186 2448 5168 Dl
(above)2221 5146 w
(below)2218 5266 w
3240 5186 2880 5186 Dl
3240 5186 3168 5204 Dl
3240 5186 3168 5168 Dl
(above)2941 5146 w
3960 5186 3600 5186 Dl
3960 5186 3888 5204 Dl
3960 5186 3888 5168 Dl
(below)3658 5266 w
4680 5186 4320 5186 Dl
4680 5186 4608 5204 Dl
4680 5186 4608 5168 Dl
(above)4381 5086 w
(on top of)2 361 1 4320 5206 t
(below)4378 5326 w
( The)1 209( is the distance along the shaft.)6 1253(The ``width'' of an arrowhead is the distance across its tail; the ``height'')12 2968 3 970 5378 t
(arrowheads in this picture are default size and shape.)8 2108 1 720 5498 t
(As we said earlier, arcs go 90 degrees counterclockwise from where you are right now, and)15 3717 1 970 5654 t
10 CW f
(arc cw)1 331 1 4717 5654 t
10 R f
(changes)5079 5654 w
( is the same as for circles, but you can change it with the)13 2348( default radius)2 587( The)1 213(this to clockwise.)2 713 4 720 5774 t
10 CW f
(rad)4613 5774 w
10 R f
( is)1 99(attribute. It)1 476 2 4825 5774 t
(also easy to draw arcs between specific places; this will be described in the next section.)15 3526 1 720 5894 t
(To put an arrowhead on an arc, use one of)9 1678 1 970 6050 t
10 CW f
(<-)2673 6050 w
10 R f
(,)2793 6050 w
10 CW f
(->)2843 6050 w
10 R f
(or)2988 6050 w
10 CW f
(<->)3096 6050 w
10 R f
(, as with lines.)3 575 1 3276 6050 t
( you)1 186( If)1 127( explicit dimension for some object is specified, you will get the default size.)13 3215(In all cases, unless an)4 902 4 970 6242 t
( of that kind, add the word)6 1075(want an object to have the same size as the previous one)11 2292 2 720 6362 t
10 CW f
(same)4115 6362 w
10 R f
( in the set of boxes)5 767(. Thus)1 278 2 4355 6362 t
(given by)1 347 1 720 6482 t
9 CW f
(down; box ht 0.2 wid 1.5; move down 0.15; box same; move same; box same)14 3834 1 1008 6652 t
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10 R f
(- 6 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
2520 840 2520 984 Dl
3600 840 2520 840 Dl
3600 984 3600 840 Dl
2520 984 3600 984 Dl
2520 1092 2520 1236 Dl
3600 1092 2520 1092 Dl
3600 1236 3600 1092 Dl
2520 1236 3600 1236 Dl
2520 1344 2520 1488 Dl
3600 1344 2520 1344 Dl
3600 1488 3600 1344 Dl
2520 1488 3600 1488 Dl
(the dimensions set by the first)5 1222 1 720 1686 t
10 CW f
(box)1972 1686 w
10 R f
( for the second)3 608(are used several times; similarly, the amount of motion)8 2241 2 2182 1686 t
10 CW f
(move)5062 1686 w
10 R f
(is)5333 1686 w
(the same as for the first one.)6 1128 1 720 1806 t
( Here)1 247( values.)1 309(You can change the default sizes of objects by assigning values to the variables that define their)16 3874 3 970 1962 t
(is the list, with their default values:)6 1408 1 720 2082 t
9 CW f
( = 0.5)2 324( boxht)1 954(boxwid = 0.75;)2 756 3 1008 2252 t
( = 0.5)2 324( lineht)1 954(linewid = 0.75;)2 810 3 1008 2362 t
( = 0.25)2 378( arcrad)1 846(circlerad = 0.25;)2 918 3 1008 2472 t
( = 0.5)2 324( ellipseht)1 954(ellipsewid = 0.75;)2 972 3 1008 2582 t
( = 0.5)2 324( moveht)1 954(movewid = 0.75;)2 810 3 1008 2692 t
( = 0)2 216( textht)1 1116(textwid = 0;)2 648 3 1008 2802 t
( = 0.1)2 324( arrowht)1 954(arrowwid = 0.05;)2 864 3 1008 2912 t
9 R f
(\(These refer to the arrowhead.\))4 1120 1 3384 2912 t
9 CW f
( = 2)2 216( arrowhead)1 1116(dashwid = 0.05;)2 810 3 1008 3022 t
9 R f
(\(Arrowhead fill style\))2 786 1 3384 3022 t
9 CW f
( = 11)2 270( maxpswid)1 1116(maxpsht = 8.5;)2 756 3 1008 3132 t
9 R f
(\(Maximum picture dimensions\))2 1141 1 3384 3132 t
9 CW f
( = 1)2 216( scale)1 954(fillval = 0.3;)2 756 3 1008 3242 t
10 R f
(So if you want all your boxes to be long and skinny, and relatively close together,)15 3266 1 720 3422 t
9 CW f
(boxwid = 0.1; boxht = 1)5 1242 1 1008 3592 t
(movewid = 0.2)2 702 1 1008 3702 t
(box; move; box; move; box)4 1350 1 1008 3812 t
10 R f
2808 4034 2808 4754 Dl
2880 4034 2808 4034 Dl
2880 4754 2880 4034 Dl
2808 4754 2880 4754 Dl
3024 4034 3024 4754 Dl
3096 4034 3024 4034 Dl
3096 4754 3096 4034 Dl
3024 4754 3096 4754 Dl
3240 4034 3240 4754 Dl
3312 4034 3240 4034 Dl
3312 4754 3312 4034 Dl
3240 4754 3312 4754 Dl
(Setting the variable)2 787 1 970 4988 t
10 CW f
(arrowhead)1787 4988 w
10 R f
( overstriking; the default)3 1003(to a value like 7 causes arrowheads to be filled by)10 2040 2 2357 4988 t
(is 2:)1 170 1 720 5108 t
9 CW f
(arrowhead = 7; arrow; move; arrowhead = 2; arrow)8 2592 1 1008 5278 t
10 R f
2988 5458 2628 5458 Dl
2988 5458 2916 5476 Dl
2987 5458 2914 5470 Dl
2987 5458 2913 5463 Dl
2987 5458 2913 5458 Dl
2987 5458 2913 5453 Dl
2987 5458 2914 5446 Dl
2988 5458 2916 5440 Dl
3492 5458 3132 5458 Dl
3492 5458 3420 5476 Dl
3492 5458 3420 5440 Dl
10 I f
(Pic)970 5614 w
10 R f
( the variable)2 503( Setting)1 339(works internally in inches.)3 1075 3 1133 5614 t
10 CW f
(scale)3080 5614 w
10 R f
(to some value causes all dimensions to be scaled)8 1990 1 3410 5614 t
( for example,)2 529( Thus,)1 275(down by that value.)3 788 3 720 5734 t
10 CW f
(scale=2.54)2337 5734 w
10 R f
(causes dimensions to be interpreted as centimeters.)6 2038 1 2962 5734 t
(The numbers given in the)4 1037 1 970 5890 t
10 CW f
(.PS)2037 5890 w
10 R f
(line override the dimensions given in the picture; these can be used to force a)14 3153 1 2247 5890 t
( way to get a picture of the right size is to)11 1700( indicates that a good)4 869( Experience)1 503(picture to a particular width and height.)6 1608 4 720 6010 t
(enter its dimensions in inches, then if necessary add a width and perhaps height to the)15 3423 1 720 6130 t
10 CW f
(.PS)4168 6130 w
10 R f
(line.)4373 6130 w
(Once set, variables like)3 961 1 970 6286 t
10 CW f
(boxht)1966 6286 w
10 R f
( can reset variables to)4 908( You)1 233( next.)1 233(retain their values from one picture to the)7 1725 4 2301 6286 t
(their default values by listing them in a)7 1563 1 720 6406 t
10 CW f
(reset)2308 6406 w
10 R f
(statement:)2633 6406 w
9 CW f
(reset boxht, boxwid)2 1026 1 1008 6576 t
10 R f
(A bare)1 268 1 720 6756 t
10 CW f
(reset)1013 6756 w
10 R f
(resets all variables.)2 762 1 1338 6756 t
( attribute)1 362( The)1 209( filling or shading objects, intended for Postscript output devices.)9 2643(There is a minimal facility for)5 1216 4 970 6912 t
10 CW f
(fill)720 7032 w
10 I f
(expr)994 7032 w
10 R f
(sets the gray scale value to)5 1112 1 1205 7032 t
10 I f
(expr)2350 7032 w
10 R f
(; the default, determined by the variable)6 1642 1 2527 7032 t
10 CW f
(fillval)4202 7032 w
10 R f
( Following)1 470(, is 0.3.)2 308 2 4622 7032 t
( Thus:)1 278(Postscript, smaller values are darker.)4 1469 2 720 7152 t
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9 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 7 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
9 CW f
(box fill)1 432 1 1008 830 t
(box ht boxht/2 wid boxwid/2 "hello" at last box)8 2538 1 1008 940 t
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%%BeginGlobal
%
% Color and reverse video support for dpost. A call made to setcolor with two
% arguments implies reverse video printing.
%

/rgb {setrgbcolor} bind def
/hsb {sethsbcolor} bind def

/colordict 50 dict dup begin
	/red			{ 1 0 0 } def
	/green			{ 0 1 0 } def
	/blue			{ 0 0 1 } def
	/cyan			{ 0 1 1 } def
	/magenta		{ 1 0 1 } def
	/yellow			{ 1 1 0 } def
	/white			{ 1 1 1 } def
	/black			{ 0 0 0 } def
end def

/setcolor {
	counttomark 1 eq {
		dup colordict exch known not {pop /black} if
		colordict exch get exec setrgbcolor
	} if
	counttomark 2 eq {
		/backcolor exch def
		/textcolor exch def
		colordict backcolor known not colordict textcolor known not or {
			/backcolor colordict /black get def
			/textcolor colordict /white get def
		} if
		/backcolor colordict backcolor get def
		/textcolor colordict textcolor get def
		/dY1 0 def
		/dY2 0 def
		textcolor exec setrgbcolor
	} if
} bind def

/drawrvbox {
	/x2 exch def
	/x1 exch def

	currentpoint dup
	/y1 exch def
	/y2 exch def pop

	dY1 0 eq dY2 0 eq and {
		currentfont /FontBBox get aload pop
		currentfont /FontMatrix get dtransform /dY2 exch def pop
		currentfont /FontMatrix get dtransform /dY1 exch def pop
	} if

	/y1 y1 dY1 add def
	/y2 y2 dY2 add def

	backcolor exec setrgbcolor
	newpath
	x1 y1 moveto
	x2 y1 lineto
	x2 y2 lineto
	x1 y2 lineto
	closepath fill
	textcolor exec setrgbcolor
} bind def
%%EndGlobal
/saveobj save def
mark
gsave
newpath
2790 1522 m
/inpath true def
 0.3 setgray
10 R f
2790 1162 2790 1522 Dl
3330 1162 2790 1162 Dl
3330 1522 3330 1162 Dl
2790 1522 3330 1522 Dl
 gsave eofill grestore 0 setgray stroke
grestore
/inpath false def
10 R f
2925 1252 2925 1432 Dl
3195 1252 2925 1252 Dl
3195 1432 3195 1252 Dl
2925 1432 3195 1432 Dl
(hello)2960 1362 w
10 CW f
(fill)720 1720 w
10 R f
(currently only applies to boxes, circles, and ellipses.)7 2086 1 985 1720 t
10 B f
( Positions)1 409(4. Controlling)1 620 2 720 1960 t
10 R f
(You can place things anywhere you want;)6 1716 1 970 2116 t
10 I f
(pic)2718 2116 w
10 R f
(provides a variety of ways to talk about positions.)8 2054 1 2873 2116 t
10 I f
(Pic)4985 2116 w
10 R f
(uses a)1 249 1 5151 2116 t
(standard Cartesian coordinate system with)4 1712 1 720 2236 t
10 I f
(x)2462 2236 w
10 R f
(increasing rightwards and)2 1041 1 2536 2236 t
10 I f
(y)3607 2236 w
10 R f
(increasing upwards, so any point or object)6 1719 1 3681 2236 t
(has an)1 257 1 720 2356 t
10 I f
(x)1007 2356 w
10 R f
(and)1081 2356 w
10 I f
(y)1255 2356 w
10 R f
( The)1 211( first object is placed with its start at position 0,0 by default.)12 2471( The)1 211(position, measured in inches.)3 1178 4 1329 2356 t
10 I f
(x,y)720 2476 w
10 R f
( circle or ellipse is its geometric center; the position of a line or spline or motion is its begin-)19 3814(position of a box,)3 721 2 865 2476 t
(ning; the position of an arc is the center of the corresponding circle.)12 2703 1 720 2596 t
(Position modifiers like)2 924 1 970 2752 t
10 CW f
(from)1925 2752 w
10 R f
(,)2165 2752 w
10 CW f
(to)2221 2752 w
10 R f
(,)2341 2752 w
10 CW f
(by)2397 2752 w
10 R f
(and)2548 2752 w
10 CW f
(at)2723 2752 w
10 R f
(are followed by an)3 763 1 2874 2752 t
10 I f
(x,y)3669 2752 w
10 R f
(pair, and can be attached to boxes, cir-)7 1586 1 3814 2752 t
(cles, lines, motions, and so on, to specify or modify a position.)11 2505 1 720 2872 t
(You can also use)3 679 1 970 3028 t
10 CW f
(up)1674 3028 w
10 R f
(,)1794 3028 w
10 CW f
(down)1844 3028 w
10 R f
(,)2084 3028 w
10 CW f
(right)2134 3028 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 2434 3028 t
10 CW f
(left)2653 3028 w
10 R f
(with)2918 3028 w
10 CW f
(line)3121 3028 w
10 R f
(and)3386 3028 w
10 CW f
(move)3555 3028 w
10 R f
(:)3795 3028 w
9 CW f
(box ht 0.2 wid 0.2 at 0,0 "1")7 1566 1 1008 3198 t
( or "move to 0.5,0")4 1026( #)1 1026(move right 0.5)2 756 3 1008 3308 t
(box ht 0.2 wid 0.2 "2")5 1188 1 1008 3418 t
( or "move 0.5" or "move same")6 1566( #)1 1026(move right 0.5)2 756 3 1008 3528 t
(box ht 0.2 wid 0.2 "3")5 1188 1 1008 3638 t
10 R f
2340 3860 2340 4040 Dl
2520 3860 2340 3860 Dl
2520 4040 2520 3860 Dl
2340 4040 2520 4040 Dl
(1)2405 3970 w
2970 3860 2970 4040 Dl
3150 3860 2970 3860 Dl
3150 4040 3150 3860 Dl
2970 4040 3150 4040 Dl
(2)3035 3970 w
3600 3860 3600 4040 Dl
3780 3860 3600 3860 Dl
3780 4040 3780 3860 Dl
3600 4040 3780 4040 Dl
(3)3665 3970 w
(Comments can be used in pictures; they begin with a)9 2112 1 720 4238 t
10 CW f
(#)2857 4238 w
10 R f
(and end at the end of the line.)7 1181 1 2942 4238 t
(Attributes like)1 575 1 970 4394 t
10 CW f
(ht)1570 4394 w
10 R f
(and)1715 4394 w
10 CW f
(wid)1884 4394 w
10 R f
(and positions like)2 706 1 2089 4394 t
10 CW f
(at)2820 4394 w
10 R f
( So)1 156(can be written out in any order.)6 1250 2 2965 4394 t
9 CW f
(box ht 0.2 wid 0.2 at 0,0)6 1350 1 1008 4564 t
(box at 0,0 wid 0.2 ht 0.2)6 1350 1 1008 4674 t
(box ht 0.2 at 0,0 wid 0.2)6 1350 1 1008 4784 t
10 R f
(are all equivalent, though the last is harder to read and thus less desirable.)13 2942 1 720 4964 t
(The)970 5120 w
10 CW f
(from)1159 5120 w
10 R f
(and)1433 5120 w
10 CW f
(to)1611 5120 w
10 R f
( default, arcs are)3 688( By)1 177( the endpoints.)2 606(attributes are particularly useful with arcs, to specify)7 2164 4 1765 5120 t
(drawn counterclockwise,)1 997 1 720 5240 t
9 CW f
("+" at 0,0)2 540 1 1008 5410 t
(arc -> from 0.5,0 to 0,0.5)5 1404 1 1008 5520 t
(arc -> cw from 0,0 to 1,0.5)6 1458 1 1008 5630 t
10 R f
(+)2672 6237 w
3060 6217 -360 0 0 -360 Da
2700 5857 2773 5847 Dl
2700 5857 2769 5882 Dl
3419 5858 3346 5870 Dl
3419 5858 3349 5835 Dl
3420 5857 -92 714 -627 -354 Da
(The radius can be made large to provide flat arcs:)9 1975 1 720 6415 t
9 CW f
(arc -> cw from 0,0 to 2,0 rad 15)8 1728 1 1008 6585 t
10 R f
3779 6831 3707 6844 Dl
3779 6830 3709 6808 Dl
3780 6830 -720 10776 -720 -10776 Da
(If the circle is under-specified,)4 1261 1 720 7028 t
10 I f
(pic)2017 7028 w
10 R f
(guesses a radius and/or center; you will have to provide them explicitly if the)13 3225 1 2175 7028 t
(guess is wrong.)2 619 1 720 7148 t
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10 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 8 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
( truth is)2 320( The)1 212( is an over-simplification.)3 1048( This)1 235( that objects are normally connected left to right.)8 2000(We said earlier)2 615 6 970 840 t
( the direction specified by the most recent)7 1700(that objects are connected together in)5 1513 2 720 960 t
10 CW f
(up)3962 960 w
10 R f
(,)4082 960 w
10 CW f
(down)4136 960 w
10 R f
(,)4376 960 w
10 CW f
(left)4430 960 w
10 R f
(or)4699 960 w
10 CW f
(right)4811 960 w
10 R f
(\(either)5140 960 w
( in)1 103( Thus,)1 275(alone or as part of some object\).)6 1283 3 720 1080 t
9 CW f
(arrow left; box; arrow; circle; arrow)5 1998 1 1008 1250 t
10 R f
(the)720 1430 w
10 CW f
(left)867 1430 w
10 R f
(implies connection towards the left:)4 1432 1 1132 1430 t
3690 1772 4050 1772 Dl
3690 1772 3762 1754 Dl
3690 1772 3762 1790 Dl
3150 1592 3150 1952 Dl
3690 1592 3150 1592 Dl
3690 1952 3690 1592 Dl
3150 1952 3690 1952 Dl
2790 1772 3150 1772 Dl
2790 1772 2862 1754 Dl
2790 1772 2862 1790 Dl
2430 1772 360 360 De
2070 1772 2430 1772 Dl
2070 1772 2142 1754 Dl
2070 1772 2142 1790 Dl
(This could also be written as)5 1146 1 720 2150 t
9 CW f
(left; arrow; box; arrow; circle; arrow)5 2052 1 1008 2320 t
10 R f
( the last)2 327(Objects are joined in the direction determined by)7 2004 2 970 2536 t
10 CW f
(up)3334 2536 w
10 R f
(,)3454 2536 w
10 CW f
(down)3512 2536 w
10 R f
(, etc., with the entry point of the second)8 1648 1 3752 2536 t
( points for boxes, cir-)4 861( and exit)2 348( Entry)1 274(object attached to the exit point of the first \(which is fixed at the time of entry\).)16 3197 4 720 2656 t
( automatic connection and direction selection works well if the direction)10 2910( This)1 230(cles and ellipses are on opposite sides.)6 1540 3 720 2776 t
(doesn't change but it will occasionally surprise you:)7 2084 1 720 2896 t
9 CW f
(arrow; circle; down; arrow)3 1404 1 1008 3066 t
10 R f
3060 3468 2700 3468 Dl
3060 3468 2988 3486 Dl
3060 3468 2988 3450 Dl
3060 3468 360 360 De
3420 3828 3420 3468 Dl
3420 3828 3402 3756 Dl
3420 3828 3438 3756 Dl
(The arrow comes out of the right side of the circle, not the bottom, as might be expected.)17 3550 1 720 4026 t
(If a set of commands is enclosed in braces)8 1789 1 970 4182 t
10 CW f
({...})2797 4182 w
10 R f
( direction of motion when the)5 1255(, the current position and)4 1048 2 3097 4182 t
( is also a more general)5 915( There)1 286( else is restored.)3 655( Nothing)1 382( exactly where it was when entered.)6 1450(group is finished will be)4 992 6 720 4302 t
(way to group objects, using)4 1102 1 720 4422 t
10 CW f
([)1847 4422 w
10 R f
(and)1932 4422 w
10 CW f
(])2101 4422 w
10 R f
(, which is discussed in Section 9.)6 1322 1 2161 4422 t
10 B f
( and Corners)2 561(5. Labels)1 409 2 720 4662 t
10 R f
( example,)1 388( For)1 189(Objects can be labelled or named so that you can talk about them later.)13 2828 3 970 4818 t
9 CW f
(Box1: box)1 594 1 1008 4988 t
(# ... other stuff ...)4 1134 1 1440 5098 t
(move to Box1)2 648 1 1440 5208 t
10 R f
(Place names)1 499 1 720 5388 t
10 I f
(must)1247 5388 w
10 R f
( with lower)2 463(begin with an upper case letter \(to distinguish them from variable names, which begin)13 3473 2 1464 5388 t
( name refers to the ``center'' of the object, which is the geometric center for most things.)16 3547( The)1 205(case letters\).)1 498 3 720 5508 t
(Other combinations also work:)3 1235 1 970 5664 t
9 CW f
(line from Box1 to Box2)4 1188 1 1008 5834 t
(move to Box1 up 0.1 right 0.2)6 1566 1 1008 5944 t
( same as previous)3 918( #)1 162(move to Box1 + 0.2,0.1)4 1188 3 1008 6054 t
(line to Box1 - 0.5,0)4 1080 1 1008 6164 t
10 R f
(The reserved name)2 758 1 720 6344 t
10 CW f
(Here)1503 6344 w
10 R f
(may be used to refer to the current position.)8 1744 1 1768 6344 t
(Labels can be reset several times in a single picture, so a statement like)13 2839 1 970 6500 t
9 CW f
( + 1,1)2 324(Box1: Box1)1 594 2 1008 6670 t
10 R f
(is perfectly legal.)2 690 1 720 6850 t
(You can also refer to previously drawn objects of each type, using the word)13 3125 1 970 7042 t
10 CW f
(last)4128 7042 w
10 R f
( example, given the)3 809(. For)1 223 2 4368 7042 t
(input)720 7162 w
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11 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 9 -)2 166 1 2977 480 t
9 CW f
(box "A"; circle "B"; box "C")5 1512 1 1008 830 t
10 R f
(then `)1 233 1 720 1010 t
10 CW f
(last box)1 448 1 953 1010 t
10 R f
(' refers to box)3 571 1 1401 1010 t
10 CW f
(C)2000 1010 w
10 R f
(, `)1 86 1 2060 1010 t
10 CW f
(last circle)1 628 1 2146 1010 t
10 R f
( to circle)2 357(' refers)1 287 2 2774 1010 t
10 CW f
(B)3447 1010 w
10 R f
(, and `)2 260 1 3507 1010 t
10 CW f
(2nd last box)2 658 1 3767 1010 t
10 R f
(' refers to box)3 574 1 4425 1010 t
10 CW f
(A)5028 1010 w
10 R f
(. Num-)1 312 1 5088 1010 t
( from the beginning, so boxes)5 1238(bering of objects can also be done)6 1424 2 720 1130 t
10 CW f
(A)3417 1130 w
10 R f
(and)3512 1130 w
10 CW f
(C)3691 1130 w
10 R f
(are `)1 189 1 3786 1130 t
10 CW f
(1st box)1 395 1 3975 1130 t
10 R f
(' and `)2 280 1 4370 1130 t
10 CW f
(2nd box)1 395 1 4650 1130 t
10 R f
(' respec-)1 355 1 5045 1130 t
(tively.)720 1250 w
(To cut down the need for explicit coordinates, objects have ``corners'' named by compass points:)14 3895 1 970 1406 t
9 CW f
(B: box "B.c" ht 1 wid 1.5)6 1350 1 1008 1576 t
(" B.e" at B.e ljust)4 1026 1 1440 1686 t
(" B.ne" at B.ne ljust)4 1134 1 1440 1796 t
(" B.se" at B.se ljust)4 1134 1 1440 1906 t
("B.s" at B.s below)3 972 1 1440 2016 t
("B.n" at B.n above)3 972 1 1440 2126 t
("B.sw " at B.sw rjust)4 1134 1 1440 2236 t
("B.w " at B.w rjust)4 1026 1 1440 2346 t
("B.nw " at B.nw rjust)4 1134 1 1440 2456 t
10 R f
2520 2678 2520 3398 Dl
3600 2678 2520 2678 Dl
3600 3398 3600 2678 Dl
2520 3398 3600 3398 Dl
(B.c B.e)1 769 1 2992 3058 t
(B.ne)3625 2698 w
(B.se)3625 3418 w
(B.s)2995 3478 w
(B.n)2989 2638 w
(B.sw)2292 3418 w
(B.w)2331 3058 w
(B.nw)2281 2698 w
(Note the use of)3 622 1 720 3596 t
10 CW f
(ljust)1373 3596 w
10 R f
(,)1673 3596 w
10 CW f
(rjust)1729 3596 w
10 R f
(,)2029 3596 w
10 CW f
(above)2085 3596 w
10 R f
(, and)1 200 1 2385 3596 t
10 CW f
(below)2616 3596 w
10 R f
(to alter the default positioning of text, and of a blank within)11 2453 1 2947 3596 t
(some strings to help space them away from a vertical line.)10 2321 1 720 3716 t
( arrows have a)3 584(Lines and)1 392 2 970 3872 t
10 CW f
(start)1973 3872 w
10 R f
(, an)1 146 1 2273 3872 t
10 CW f
(end)2446 3872 w
10 R f
(and a)1 215 1 2653 3872 t
10 CW f
(center)2895 3872 w
10 R f
( and ellipses have cor-)4 900( Circles)1 335(in addition to corners.)3 883 3 3282 3872 t
( words)1 286( The)1 222( has the same corners as the circle of which it is a part.)13 2399(ners too; an arc)3 666 4 720 3992 t
10 CW f
(left)4335 3992 w
10 R f
(,)4575 3992 w
10 CW f
(right)4642 3992 w
10 R f
(,)4942 3992 w
10 CW f
(top)5009 3992 w
10 R f
(, and)1 211 1 5189 3992 t
10 CW f
(bottom)720 4112 w
10 R f
(are synonyms for)2 693 1 1105 4112 t
10 CW f
(west)1823 4112 w
10 R f
(,)2063 4112 w
10 CW f
(east)2113 4112 w
10 R f
(,)2353 4112 w
10 CW f
(north)2403 4112 w
10 R f
(and)2728 4112 w
10 CW f
(south)2897 4112 w
10 R f
(.)3197 4112 w
( example the)2 520(It is often easiest to position objects by positioning some part of one at some part of another, for)18 3910 2 970 4268 t
( The)1 205(southwest corner of one at the southeast corner of another.)9 2333 2 720 4388 t
10 CW f
(with)3283 4388 w
10 R f
(attribute permits this kind of positioning:)5 1643 1 3548 4388 t
9 CW f
(box ht 0.75 wid 0.75)4 1080 1 1008 4558 t
(box ht 0.5 wid 0.5 with .sw at last box.se)9 2268 1 1008 4668 t
10 R f
2610 4890 2610 5430 Dl
3150 4890 2610 4890 Dl
3150 5430 3150 4890 Dl
2610 5430 3150 5430 Dl
3150 5070 3150 5430 Dl
3510 5070 3150 5070 Dl
3510 5430 3510 5070 Dl
3150 5430 3510 5430 Dl
(Notice that the corner after)4 1074 1 720 5628 t
10 CW f
(with)1819 5628 w
10 R f
(is written)1 375 1 2084 5628 t
10 CW f
(.sw)2484 5628 w
10 R f
(.)2664 5628 w
(As another example, consider)3 1186 1 970 5784 t
9 CW f
(ellipse)1008 5954 w
(ellipse ht .2 wid .3 with .se at 1st ellipse.nw)9 2538 1 1008 6064 t
(ellipse ht .2 wid .3 with .sw at 1st ellipse.ne)9 2538 1 1008 6174 t
10 R f
2790 6645 540 360 De
2685 6468 216 144 De
3219 6468 216 144 De
( which is not one of the eight compass)8 1636(Sometimes it is desirable to have a line intersect a circle at a point)13 2794 2 970 7095 t
(points that)1 426 1 720 7215 t
10 I f
(pic)1177 7215 w
10 R f
( the attribute)2 515( such cases, the proper visual effect can be obtained by using)11 2499( In)1 139(knows about.)1 539 4 1330 7215 t
10 CW f
(chop)5052 7215 w
10 R f
(to)5322 7215 w
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12 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 10 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
(chop off part of the line:)5 973 1 720 840 t
9 CW f
(circlerad = 0.15; arrowhead = 7)5 1674 1 1008 1010 t
(circle "a")1 540 1 1008 1120 t
(circle "b" at 1st circle - \(0.4, 0.6\))7 1998 1 1008 1230 t
(circle "c" at 1st circle + \(0.4, -0.6\))7 2052 1 1008 1340 t
(arrow from 1st circle to 2nd circle chop)7 2160 1 1008 1450 t
(arrow from 1st circle to 3rd circle chop)7 2160 1 1008 1560 t
10 R f
2952 1890 216 216 De
(a)3038 1910 w
2664 2322 216 216 De
(b)2747 2342 w
3240 2322 216 216 De
(c)3326 2342 w
2832 2232 3000 1980 Dl
2831 2231 2856 2162 Dl
2832 2231 2862 2164 Dl
2831 2231 2867 2167 Dl
2831 2231 2872 2170 Dl
2831 2231 2877 2173 Dl
2832 2232 2882 2178 Dl
2832 2231 2886 2182 Dl
3287 2232 3119 1980 Dl
3287 2231 3233 2182 Dl
3287 2232 3237 2178 Dl
3288 2231 3242 2173 Dl
3288 2231 3247 2170 Dl
3288 2231 3252 2167 Dl
3287 2231 3257 2164 Dl
3288 2231 3263 2162 Dl
(By default the line is chopped by)6 1321 1 720 2628 t
10 CW f
(circlerad)2066 2628 w
10 R f
( may be changed:)3 701( This)1 228(at each end.)2 473 3 2631 2628 t
9 CW f
(line ... chop)2 702 1 1008 2798 t
9 I f
(r)1764 2798 w
10 R f
(chops both ends by)3 769 1 720 2978 t
10 I f
(r)1514 2978 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 1553 2978 t
9 CW f
(line ... chop)2 702 1 1008 3148 t
9 I f
(r1)1764 3148 w
9 CW f
(chop)1898 3148 w
9 I f
(r2)2168 3148 w
10 R f
(chops the beginning by)3 963 1 720 3328 t
10 I f
(r1)1719 3328 w
10 R f
(and the end by)3 618 1 1844 3328 t
10 I f
(r2)2498 3328 w
10 R f
( complicated intersections can be computed with the built-in)8 2510(. More)1 303 2 2587 3328 t
(trigonometric functions listed in the next section.)6 1963 1 720 3448 t
( positioning that is sometimes useful, to refer to a point some fraction of the way)15 3345(There is one other form of)5 1085 2 970 3604 t
( can be expressed in)4 803( This)1 228(between two other points.)3 1032 3 720 3724 t
10 I f
(pic)2808 3724 w
10 R f
(as)2955 3724 w
9 I f
(fraction)1008 3894 w
9 CW f
(of the way between)3 972 1 1347 3894 t
9 I f
(position1)2373 3894 w
9 CW f
(and)2762 3894 w
9 I f
(position2)2978 3894 w
10 R f
(where)720 4074 w
10 I f
(fraction)1003 4074 w
10 R f
(is any expression, and)3 927 1 1360 4074 t
10 I f
(position1)2327 4074 w
10 R f
(and)2740 4074 w
10 I f
(position2)2924 4074 w
10 R f
( can abbreviate this rather)4 1094( You)1 237(are any positions.)2 732 3 3337 4074 t
(windy phrase; ``of the way'' is optional, and the whole thing can be written instead as)15 3433 1 720 4194 t
9 I f
(fraction)1008 4364 w
9 CW f
(<)1347 4364 w
9 I f
(position1)1455 4364 w
9 CW f
(,)1844 4364 w
9 I f
(position2)1952 4364 w
9 CW f
(>)2341 4364 w
10 R f
(As a pair of examples:)4 898 1 720 4544 t
9 CW f
(box)1008 4714 w
(arrow right from 1/3 of the way between last box.ne and last box.se)12 3618 1 1008 4824 t
(arrow right from 2/3 <last box.ne, last box.se>)7 2538 1 1008 4934 t
10 R f
2610 5156 2610 5516 Dl
3150 5156 2610 5156 Dl
3150 5516 3150 5156 Dl
2610 5516 3150 5516 Dl
3510 5276 3150 5276 Dl
3510 5276 3438 5294 Dl
3510 5276 3438 5258 Dl
3510 5395 3150 5395 Dl
3510 5395 3438 5413 Dl
3510 5395 3438 5377 Dl
9 CW f
(A: ellipse)1 594 1 1008 5764 t
(ellipse ht .2 wid .3 with .se at 1st ellipse.nw)9 2538 1 1224 5874 t
(ellipse ht .2 wid .3 with .sw at 1st ellipse.ne)9 2538 1 1224 5984 t
(circle rad .05 at 0.5 <A.nw,A.c>)5 1728 1 1224 6094 t
(circle rad .05 at 0.5 <A.ne,A.c>)5 1728 1 1224 6204 t
(arc from 0.25 <A.w,A.e> to 0.75 <A.w,A.e>)6 2214 1 1224 6314 t
10 R f
2790 6785 540 360 De
2685 6608 216 144 De
3219 6608 216 144 De
2929 6722 72 72 De
3119 6722 72 72 De
2925 6785 135 -118 135 118 Da
(Naturally, the distance given by)4 1273 1 720 7163 t
10 I f
(fraction)2018 7163 w
10 R f
(can be greater than 1 or less than 0.)8 1410 1 2360 7163 t
( placing them relative to previous)5 1390( suggests that the easiest way to position objects is by)10 2234(Advice: experience)1 806 3 970 7319 t
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13 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 11 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
(objects and places, using)3 993 1 720 840 t
10 CW f
(with)1738 840 w
10 R f
(,)1978 840 w
10 CW f
(at)2028 840 w
10 R f
( is better than using)4 783( This)1 228(, etc.)1 191 3 2148 840 t
10 CW f
(move)3375 840 w
10 R f
(; you should generally avoid)4 1138 1 3615 840 t
10 CW f
(move)4778 840 w
10 R f
(.)5018 840 w
10 B f
( Expressions and Built-in Functions)4 1526(6. Variables,)1 561 2 720 1080 t
10 R f
( write everything in absolute coordinates if you are likely to change things.)12 3125(It's generally a bad idea to)5 1111 2 970 1236 t
10 I f
(Pic)5267 1236 w
10 R f
(variables let you parameterize your picture:)5 1737 1 720 1356 t
9 CW f
( = 1)2 216( b)1 162(a = 0.5;)2 432 3 1008 1526 t
(box wid a ht b)4 756 1 1008 1746 t
(ellipse wid a/2 ht 1.5*b)4 1296 1 1008 1856 t
( - \(a/2, b/2\))3 702(Box2: Box1)1 594 2 1008 1966 t
10 R f
(Expressions may use the standard operators)5 1744 1 720 2146 t
10 CW f
(+)2489 2146 w
10 R f
(,)2549 2146 w
10 CW f
(-)2599 2146 w
10 R f
(,)2659 2146 w
10 CW f
(*)2709 2146 w
10 R f
(,)2769 2146 w
10 CW f
(/)2819 2146 w
10 R f
(,)2879 2146 w
10 CW f
(%)2929 2146 w
10 R f
(,)2989 2146 w
10 CW f
(\303)3039 2146 w
10 R f
(\(exponentiation\), and parentheses for grouping.)4 1896 1 3124 2146 t
( controlling the default sizes of objects, listed in Sec-)9 2147(The most important variables are the predefined ones for)8 2283 2 970 2302 t
( may be set at any time in any picture, and retain their values from picture to picture until reset.)19 3802( These)1 288(tion 3.)1 256 3 720 2422 t
(You can use the height, width, radius, and)7 1681 1 970 2578 t
10 I f
(x)2676 2578 w
10 R f
(and)2745 2578 w
10 I f
(y)2914 2578 w
10 R f
(coordinates of any object or corner in an expression:)8 2095 1 2983 2578 t
9 CW f
( the)1 216(Box1.x #)1 918 2 1008 2748 t
9 I f
(x)2196 2748 w
9 CW f
(coordinate of the center of Box1)5 1728 1 2290 2748 t
( the)1 216(Box1.ne.y #)1 918 2 1008 2858 t
9 I f
(y)2196 2858 w
9 CW f
(coordinate of the northeast corner of Box1)6 2268 1 2290 2858 t
( the width of Box1)4 972(Box1.wid #)1 918 2 1008 2968 t
( and its height)3 810(Box1.ht #)1 918 2 1008 3078 t
( the radius of the 2nd last circle)7 1836( #)1 324(2nd last circle.rad)2 1026 3 1008 3188 t
10 R f
( such positions can be added)5 1170( furthermore)1 532( expressions enclosed in parentheses defines a position;)7 2258(Any pair of)2 470 4 970 3404 t
(or subtracted to yield new positions:)5 1452 1 720 3524 t
9 CW f
(\()1008 3694 w
9 I f
(x)1062 3694 w
9 CW f
(,)1102 3694 w
9 I f
(y)1210 3694 w
9 CW f
(\))1250 3694 w
(\()1008 3804 w
9 I f
(x)1062 3804 w
6 R f
(1)1112 3822 w
9 CW f
(,)1149 3804 w
9 I f
(y)1257 3804 w
6 R f
(1)1307 3822 w
9 CW f
(\) + \()2 270 1 1344 3804 t
9 I f
(x)1614 3804 w
6 R f
(2)1664 3822 w
9 CW f
(,)1701 3804 w
9 I f
(y)1809 3804 w
6 R f
(2)1859 3822 w
9 CW f
(\))1896 3804 w
10 R f
(If)720 3984 w
10 I f
(p)811 3984 w
7 R f
(1)872 4004 w
10 R f
(and)940 3984 w
10 I f
(p)1109 3984 w
7 R f
(2)1170 4004 w
10 R f
(are positions, then \()3 788 1 1238 3984 t
10 I f
(p)2034 3984 w
7 R f
(1)2095 4004 w
10 R f
(,)2146 3984 w
10 I f
(p)2179 3984 w
7 R f
(2)2240 4004 w
10 R f
(\) refers to the point \()5 823 1 2291 3984 t
10 I f
(p)3122 3984 w
7 R f
(1)3183 4004 w
10 CW f
(. x)1 128 1 3234 3984 t
10 R f
(,)3370 3984 w
10 I f
(p)3436 3984 w
7 R f
(2)3497 4004 w
10 CW f
(. y)1 128 1 3548 3984 t
10 R f
(\).)3684 3984 w
10 I f
(Pic)970 4140 w
10 R f
(provides a small collection of standard functions:)6 1970 1 1128 4140 t
10 CW f
(sin)1080 4320 w
10 R f
(\()1268 4320 w
10 I f
(expr)1309 4320 w
10 R f
(\),)1494 4320 w
10 CW f
(cos)1577 4320 w
10 R f
(\()1765 4320 w
10 I f
(expr)1806 4320 w
10 R f
(\),)1991 4320 w
10 CW f
(atan 2)1 308 1 2074 4320 t
10 R f
(\()2390 4320 w
10 I f
(y)2431 4320 w
10 R f
(,)2483 4320 w
10 I f
(x)2516 4320 w
10 R f
( in radians\))2 449(\) \(angle)1 921 2 2568 4320 t
10 CW f
(log)1080 4440 w
10 R f
(\()1268 4440 w
10 I f
(expr)1309 4440 w
10 R f
(\),)1494 4440 w
10 CW f
(exp)1577 4440 w
10 R f
(\()1765 4440 w
10 I f
(expr)1806 4440 w
10 R f
( both base 10\))3 563(\) \(Beware:)1 1614 2 1991 4440 t
10 CW f
(sqrt)1080 4560 w
10 R f
(\()1328 4560 w
10 I f
(expr)1369 4560 w
10 R f
(\),)1554 4560 w
10 CW f
(max)1637 4560 w
10 R f
(\()1825 4560 w
10 I f
(e)1866 4560 w
7 R f
(1)1921 4580 w
10 R f
(,)1972 4560 w
10 I f
(e)2005 4560 w
7 R f
(2)2060 4580 w
10 R f
(\),)2111 4560 w
10 CW f
(min)2194 4560 w
10 R f
(\()2382 4560 w
10 I f
(e)2423 4560 w
7 R f
(1)2478 4580 w
10 R f
(,)2529 4560 w
10 I f
(e)2562 4560 w
7 R f
(2)2617 4580 w
10 R f
(\))2668 4560 w
10 CW f
(int)1080 4680 w
10 R f
(\()1268 4680 w
10 I f
(expr)1309 4680 w
10 R f
( part of)2 288(\) \(integer)1 2056 2 1494 4680 t
10 I f
(expr)3863 4680 w
10 R f
(\))4040 4680 w
10 CW f
(rand)1080 4800 w
10 R f
( number between 0 and 1\))5 1039( \(random)1 2168(\( \))1 82 3 1328 4800 t
10 B f
( on Text)2 350(7. More)1 357 2 720 5100 t
10 R f
( attribute)1 371( The)1 218( associated with.)2 689(Normally, text is centered at the geometric center of the object it is)12 2814 4 970 5256 t
10 CW f
(ljust)5100 5256 w
10 R f
( and)1 169(causes the left end to be at the specified point \(which means that the text lies to the right of the specified place!\),)22 4511 2 720 5376 t
10 CW f
(rjust)720 5496 w
10 R f
(puts the right end at the place.)6 1201 1 1045 5496 t
10 CW f
(above)2296 5496 w
10 R f
(and)2621 5496 w
10 CW f
(below)2790 5496 w
10 R f
(center the text one half line space in the given direction.)10 2237 1 3115 5496 t
(Text attributes can be compounded:)4 1431 1 970 5652 t
9 CW f
(arrow 1 "ljust above" ljust above)5 1782 1 1008 5822 t
10 R f
3420 6002 2700 6002 Dl
3420 6002 3348 6020 Dl
3420 6002 3348 5984 Dl
(ljust above)1 436 1 3060 5962 t
(Text is most often an attribute of some other object, but you can also have self-standing text:)16 3704 1 970 6194 t
9 CW f
("origin" "\(0,0\)" at 0,0)3 1242 1 1008 6364 t
("this is" "\(1,1\)" at 1,1)4 1296 1 1008 6474 t
(box ht 1 wid 1 dotted with .sw at 0,0)9 1998 1 1008 6584 t
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10 R f
(- 12 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
(origin)2581 1520 w
(\(0,0\))2605 1640 w
(this is)1 237 1 3302 800 t
(\(1,1\))3325 920 w
7 R f
( .)1 0(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)20 738 2 2690 1563 t
(.)3410 1527 w
(.)3410 1491 w
(.)3410 1455 w
(.)3410 1419 w
(.)3410 1383 w
(.)3410 1347 w
(.)3410 1311 w
(.)3410 1275 w
(.)3410 1239 w
(.)3410 1203 w
(.)3410 1167 w
(.)3410 1131 w
(.)3410 1095 w
(.)3410 1059 w
(.)3410 1023 w
(.)3410 987 w
(.)3410 951 w
(.)3410 915 w
(.)3410 879 w
( .)1 0( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)20 -720(. .)1 18 3 3410 843 t
(.)2690 879 w
(.)2690 915 w
(.)2690 951 w
(.)2690 987 w
(.)2690 1023 w
(.)2690 1059 w
(.)2690 1095 w
(.)2690 1131 w
(.)2690 1167 w
(.)2690 1203 w
(.)2690 1239 w
(.)2690 1275 w
(.)2690 1311 w
(.)2690 1347 w
(.)2690 1383 w
(.)2690 1419 w
(.)2690 1455 w
(.)2690 1491 w
(.)2690 1527 w
(.)2690 1563 w
10 R f
(In effect,)1 361 1 720 1794 t
10 I f
(n)1108 1794 w
10 R f
(text strings are contained in an invisible box of width)9 2147 1 1185 1794 t
10 CW f
(textwid)3360 1794 w
10 R f
(and height)1 422 1 3808 1794 t
10 I f
(n)4258 1794 w
10 S f
(\264)4336 1794 w
10 CW f
(textht)4419 1794 w
10 R f
( variables)1 388(. The)1 233 2 4779 1794 t
10 CW f
(textwid)720 1914 w
10 R f
(and)1165 1914 w
10 CW f
(textht)1334 1914 w
10 R f
(may be set to any values; they are normally zero.)9 1957 1 1719 1914 t
(A list of numeric expressions can be converted to a formatted string with the)13 3202 1 970 2070 t
10 CW f
(sprintf)4209 2070 w
10 R f
(function and used)2 734 1 4666 2070 t
(anywhere a quoted string can be:)5 1316 1 720 2190 t
9 CW f
(B: box wid log\(20\))3 972 1 1008 2360 t
(sprintf\("width = %g, height = %g ", B.wid, B.ht\) rjust at B.w)11 3294 1 1170 2470 t
10 R f
2592 2692 2592 3052 Dl
3528 2692 2592 2692 Dl
3528 3052 3528 2692 Dl
2592 3052 3528 3052 Dl
(width = 1.30103, height = 0.5)5 1190 1 1377 2892 t
10 B f
( and Splines)2 519(8. Lines)1 359 2 720 3370 t
10 R f
(A ``line'' may actually be a path, that is, it may consist of connected segments:)14 3162 1 970 3526 t
9 CW f
(line right 1 then down .5 left 1 then right 1)10 2430 1 1008 3696 t
10 R f
3420 3918 2700 3918 Dl
2700 4278 3420 3918 Dl
3420 4278 2700 4278 Dl
(The word)1 385 1 720 4476 t
10 CW f
(then)1130 4476 w
10 R f
(separates components of the path.)4 1350 1 1395 4476 t
( begins at the same place,)5 1025( It)1 112( above.)1 289(A spline is a smooth curve guided by a set of straight lines just like the line)16 3004 4 970 4632 t
( for a spline is)4 590( syntax)1 293( The)1 212(ends at the same place, and in between is tangent to the mid-point of each guiding line.)16 3585 4 720 4752 t
(identical to a \(path\) line except for using)7 1622 1 720 4872 t
10 CW f
(spline)2367 4872 w
10 R f
(instead of)1 391 1 2752 4872 t
10 CW f
(line)3168 4872 w
10 R f
(:)3408 4872 w
9 CW f
(line dashed right 1 then down .5 left 1 then right 1)11 2808 1 1008 5042 t
(spline from start of last line \\)6 1728 1 1008 5152 t
(right 1 then down .5 left 1 then right 1)9 2160 1 1116 5262 t
10 R f
2736 5484 2700 5484 Dl
2812 5484 2776 5484 Dl
2887 5484 2851 5484 Dl
2964 5484 2928 5484 Dl
3039 5484 3003 5484 Dl
3116 5484 3080 5484 Dl
3191 5484 3155 5484 Dl
3268 5484 3232 5484 Dl
3343 5484 3307 5484 Dl
3420 5484 3384 5484 Dl
3388 5499 3420 5484 Dl
3325 5529 3357 5514 Dl
3262 5561 3294 5546 Dl
3200 5592 3232 5577 Dl
3138 5624 3170 5609 Dl
3075 5655 3107 5640 Dl
3012 5686 3044 5671 Dl
2950 5717 2982 5702 Dl
2887 5748 2919 5733 Dl
2824 5780 2856 5765 Dl
2763 5811 2795 5796 Dl
2700 5843 2732 5828 Dl
2736 5844 2700 5844 Dl
2812 5844 2776 5844 Dl
2887 5844 2851 5844 Dl
2964 5844 2928 5844 Dl
3039 5844 3003 5844 Dl
3116 5844 3080 5844 Dl
3191 5844 3155 5844 Dl
3268 5844 3232 5844 Dl
3343 5844 3307 5844 Dl
3420 5844 3384 5844 Dl
2700 5484 2700 5484 3420 5484 Ds
2700 5484 3420 5484 2700 5844 Ds
3420 5484 2700 5844 3420 5844 Ds
2700 5844 3420 5844 3420 5844 Ds
(\(Long input lines can be split by ending each piece with a backslash.\))12 2776 1 720 6042 t
( by)1 127(The elements of a path, whether line or spline, are specified as a series of points, either in absolute terms or)20 4303 2 970 6198 t
10 CW f
(up)720 6318 w
10 R f
(,)840 6318 w
10 CW f
(down)890 6318 w
10 R f
(, etc.)1 191 1 1130 6318 t
9 CW f
(spline right then up then left then down ->)8 2322 1 1008 6488 t
10 R f
2902 7025 2902 7025 3262 7025 Ds
2902 7025 3262 7025 3262 6665 Ds
3262 7025 3262 6665 2902 6665 Ds
3262 6665 2902 6665 2902 7025 Ds
2902 6665 2902 7025 2902 7025 Ds
2902 7024 2884 6952 Dl
2902 7024 2920 6952 Dl
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15 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 13 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
9 CW f
(spline right then up left then down ->)7 2052 1 1008 830 t
10 R f
2925 1322 2925 1322 3285 1322 Ds
2925 1322 3285 1322 2925 962 Ds
3285 1322 2925 962 2925 1322 Ds
2925 962 2925 1322 2925 1322 Ds
2925 1322 2907 1250 Dl
2925 1322 2943 1250 Dl
(Notice that arrowheads may be put on the ends of a line or spline.)13 2623 1 970 1556 t
10 B f
(9. Blocks)1 409 1 720 1796 t
10 R f
(Any sequence of)2 696 1 970 1952 t
10 I f
(pic)1704 1952 w
10 R f
(statements may be enclosed in brackets)5 1637 1 1864 1952 t
10 CW f
([)3539 1952 w
10 R f
(and)3637 1952 w
10 CW f
(])3819 1952 w
10 R f
( a block, which can then be)6 1173(to form)1 310 2 3917 1952 t
(treated as a single object, and manipulated rather like an ordinary box:)11 2811 1 720 2072 t
9 CW f
(box "1")1 378 1 1008 2242 t
([ box "2"; arrow "3" above; box "4" ] with .n at last box.s - \(0,0.1\))15 3726 1 1008 2352 t
("Thing 2: " rjust at last [].w)6 1620 1 1008 2462 t
10 R f
2790 2684 2790 3044 Dl
3330 2684 2790 2684 Dl
3330 3044 3330 2684 Dl
2790 3044 3330 3044 Dl
(1)3035 2884 w
2340 3116 2340 3476 Dl
2880 3116 2340 3116 Dl
2880 3476 2880 3116 Dl
2340 3476 2880 3476 Dl
(2)2585 3316 w
3240 3296 2880 3296 Dl
3240 3296 3168 3314 Dl
3240 3296 3168 3278 Dl
(3)3035 3256 w
3240 3116 3240 3476 Dl
3780 3116 3240 3116 Dl
3780 3476 3780 3116 Dl
3240 3476 3780 3476 Dl
( 2:)1 103(4 Thing)1 -1273 2 3485 3316 t
(Notice that ``last''-type constructs treat blocks as a unit and don't look inside for objects: ``)15 3688 1 720 3674 t
10 CW f
(last box.s)1 567 1 4408 3674 t
10 R f
( to)1 106('' refers)1 319 2 4975 3674 t
( can use)2 321( You)1 222(box 1, not box 2 or 4.)6 861 3 720 3794 t
10 CW f
(last [])1 420 1 2149 3794 t
10 R f
(, etc., just like)3 561 1 2569 3794 t
10 CW f
(last box)1 480 1 3155 3794 t
10 R f
(.)3635 3794 w
( is also possible to posi-)5 969( It)1 113(Blocks have the same compass corners as boxes \(determined by the bounding box\).)12 3348 3 970 3950 t
( absolute coordinate \(like)3 1027(tion a block by placing either an)6 1323 2 720 4070 t
10 CW f
(0,0)3100 4070 w
10 R f
(\) or an internal label \(like)5 1042 1 3280 4070 t
10 CW f
(A)4352 4070 w
10 R f
(\) at some external point,)4 988 1 4412 4070 t
(as in)1 186 1 720 4190 t
9 CW f
([ ...; A: ...; ... ] with .A at ...)9 1890 1 1008 4360 t
10 R f
(By default, blocks join with other things as boxes do, at the center of the appropriate side.)16 3587 1 720 4540 t
( a block are local to that block, and thus do not affect variables and)14 2871(Names of variables and places within)5 1559 2 970 4696 t
( particular, that includes the built-in variables like)7 2006( \(In)1 168( the same name outside.)4 965(places of)1 360 4 720 4816 t
10 CW f
(boxwid)4246 4816 w
10 R f
(, etc.; if they are set)5 794 1 4606 4816 t
( can get at the internal place names)7 1448( You)1 229( the block is left.\))4 730(within a block, they revert to their original values when)9 2273 4 720 4936 t
(with constructs like)2 783 1 720 5056 t
9 CW f
(last [].A)1 486 1 1008 5226 t
10 R f
(or)720 5406 w
9 CW f
(B.A)1008 5576 w
10 R f
(where)720 5756 w
10 CW f
(B)988 5756 w
10 R f
(is a name attached to a block:)6 1181 1 1073 5756 t
9 CW f
( ])1 162( ...;)1 270( A:)1 216( ... ;)2 324(B: [)1 270 5 1008 5926 t
10 R f
(When combined with)2 888 1 720 6106 t
10 CW f
(define)1648 6106 w
10 R f
(statements \(next section\), blocks provide a reasonable simulation of a procedure)10 3352 1 2048 6106 t
(mechanism.)720 6226 w
(Although blocks nest, it is currently possible to look only one level deep with constructs like)15 3734 1 970 6382 t
10 CW f
(B.A)4731 6382 w
10 R f
(, although)1 402 1 4911 6382 t
10 CW f
(A)5340 6382 w
10 R f
(may be further qualified by a corner name \(i.e.,)8 1886 1 720 6502 t
10 CW f
(B.A.sw)2631 6502 w
10 R f
(or)3016 6502 w
10 CW f
(top of B.A)2 530 1 3124 6502 t
10 R f
(are legal\).)1 398 1 3679 6502 t
(The following example illustrates most of the points made above about how blocks work:)13 3583 1 970 6658 t
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16 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 14 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
9 CW f
( = .1)2 270( dw)1 216( = .02;)2 378( dh)1 216(h = .5;)2 378 5 1008 830 t
([)1008 940 w
(Ptr: [)1 324 1 1440 1050 t
(boxht = h; boxwid = dw)5 1188 1 1872 1160 t
(A: box)1 324 1 1872 1270 t
(B: box)1 324 1 1872 1380 t
(C: box)1 324 1 1872 1490 t
(box wid 2*boxwid "...")3 1188 1 1872 1600 t
(D: box)1 324 1 1872 1710 t
(])1440 1820 w
(Block: [)1 432 1 1440 1930 t
(boxht = 2*dw; boxwid = 2*dw)5 1458 1 1872 2040 t
(movewid = 2*dh)2 756 1 1872 2150 t
(A: box; move)2 648 1 1872 2260 t
(B: box; move)2 648 1 1872 2370 t
(C: box; move)2 648 1 1872 2480 t
(box invis "..." wid 2*boxwid; move)5 1836 1 1872 2590 t
(D: box)1 324 1 1872 2700 t
(] with .t at Ptr.s - \(0,h/2\))6 1512 1 1440 2810 t
(arrow from Ptr.A to Block.A.nw + \(dh,0\))6 2106 1 1440 2920 t
(arrow from Ptr.B to Block.B.nw + \(dh,0\))6 2106 1 1440 3030 t
(arrow from Ptr.C to Block.C.nw + \(dh,0\))6 2106 1 1440 3140 t
(arrow from Ptr.D to Block.D.nw + \(dh,0\))6 2106 1 1440 3250 t
(])1008 3360 w
(box dashed ht last [].ht+dw wid last [].wid+dw at last [])10 3078 1 1008 3470 t
10 R f
(This produces)1 563 1 720 3650 t
2843 3848 2843 4208 Dl
2915 3848 2843 3848 Dl
2915 4208 2915 3848 Dl
2843 4208 2915 4208 Dl
2915 3848 2915 4208 Dl
2987 3848 2915 3848 Dl
2987 4208 2987 3848 Dl
2915 4208 2987 4208 Dl
2987 3848 2987 4208 Dl
3059 3848 2987 3848 Dl
3059 4208 3059 3848 Dl
2987 4208 3059 4208 Dl
3059 3848 3059 4208 Dl
3203 3848 3059 3848 Dl
3203 4208 3203 3848 Dl
3059 4208 3203 4208 Dl
(...)3094 4048 w
3203 3848 3203 4208 Dl
3275 3848 3203 3848 Dl
3275 4208 3275 3848 Dl
3203 4208 3275 4208 Dl
2570 4388 2570 4532 Dl
2714 4388 2570 4388 Dl
2714 4532 2714 4388 Dl
2570 4532 2714 4532 Dl
2742 4388 2742 4532 Dl
2886 4388 2742 4388 Dl
2886 4532 2886 4388 Dl
2742 4532 2886 4532 Dl
2915 4388 2915 4532 Dl
3059 4388 2915 4388 Dl
3059 4532 3059 4388 Dl
2915 4532 3059 4532 Dl
(...)3195 4480 w
3405 4388 3405 4532 Dl
3549 4388 3405 4388 Dl
3549 4532 3549 4388 Dl
3405 4532 3549 4532 Dl
2584 4388 2879 4028 Dl
2585 4387 2616 4321 Dl
2585 4387 2644 4344 Dl
2757 4388 2951 4028 Dl
2757 4388 2775 4316 Dl
2757 4387 2807 4333 Dl
2930 4388 3023 4028 Dl
2930 4387 2930 4313 Dl
2930 4387 2965 4323 Dl
3419 4388 3239 4028 Dl
3419 4387 3371 4331 Dl
3418 4387 3403 4315 Dl
2570 4568 2534 4568 Dl
2642 4568 2606 4568 Dl
2714 4568 2678 4568 Dl
2787 4568 2751 4568 Dl
2860 4568 2824 4568 Dl
2932 4568 2896 4568 Dl
3004 4568 2968 4568 Dl
3077 4568 3041 4568 Dl
3150 4568 3114 4568 Dl
3222 4568 3186 4568 Dl
3295 4568 3259 4568 Dl
3367 4568 3331 4568 Dl
3440 4568 3404 4568 Dl
3512 4568 3476 4568 Dl
3585 4568 3549 4568 Dl
3585 4532 3585 4568 Dl
3585 4460 3585 4496 Dl
3585 4388 3585 4424 Dl
3585 4316 3585 4352 Dl
3585 4244 3585 4280 Dl
3585 4172 3585 4208 Dl
3585 4100 3585 4136 Dl
3585 4028 3585 4064 Dl
3585 3956 3585 3992 Dl
3585 3884 3585 3920 Dl
3585 3812 3585 3848 Dl
3549 3812 3585 3812 Dl
3476 3812 3512 3812 Dl
3404 3812 3440 3812 Dl
3331 3812 3367 3812 Dl
3259 3812 3295 3812 Dl
3186 3812 3222 3812 Dl
3114 3812 3150 3812 Dl
3041 3812 3077 3812 Dl
2968 3812 3004 3812 Dl
2896 3812 2932 3812 Dl
2824 3812 2860 3812 Dl
2751 3812 2787 3812 Dl
2678 3812 2714 3812 Dl
2606 3812 2642 3812 Dl
2534 3812 2570 3812 Dl
2534 3848 2534 3812 Dl
2534 3920 2534 3884 Dl
2534 3992 2534 3956 Dl
2534 4064 2534 4028 Dl
2534 4136 2534 4100 Dl
2534 4208 2534 4172 Dl
2534 4280 2534 4244 Dl
2534 4352 2534 4316 Dl
2534 4424 2534 4388 Dl
2534 4496 2534 4460 Dl
2534 4568 2534 4532 Dl
10 B f
(10. Macros)1 496 1 720 4886 t
10 I f
(Pic)970 5042 w
10 R f
( the simplest form,)3 750( In)1 133(provides a basic macro facility.)4 1250 3 1128 5042 t
9 CW f
(define)1008 5212 w
9 I f
(name)1440 5212 w
9 CW f
({)1743 5212 w
9 I f
(replacement text)1 598 1 1851 5212 t
9 CW f
(})2503 5212 w
10 R f
(defines)720 5392 w
10 I f
(name)1033 5392 w
10 R f
(to be the)2 344 1 1274 5392 t
10 I f
(replacement text)1 662 1 1643 5392 t
10 R f
( subsequent occurrence of)3 1038(. Any)1 247 2 2305 5392 t
10 I f
(name)3615 5392 w
10 R f
(will be replaced by)3 762 1 3856 5392 t
10 I f
(replacement text)1 662 1 4643 5392 t
10 R f
(.)5305 5392 w
( definition contains occurrences of)4 1416( the replacement text of a macro)6 1333( If)1 124(Macros may have arguments.)3 1199 4 970 5548 t
10 CW f
($1)5076 5548 w
10 R f
(,)5196 5548 w
10 CW f
($2)5255 5548 w
10 R f
(,)5375 5548 w
( invocation for a)3 666( The)1 208( arguments when the macro is invoked.)6 1585(etc., these will be replaced by the corresponding actual)8 2221 4 720 5668 t
(macro with arguments is)3 985 1 720 5788 t
9 CW f
(name\(arg1, arg2, ...\))2 1134 1 1008 5958 t
10 R f
( definitions last from picture to picture; a macro defini-)9 2250( Macro)1 315( by null strings.)3 638(Non-existent arguments are replaced)3 1477 4 720 6138 t
(tion can be removed by)4 937 1 720 6258 t
9 CW f
(undef)1008 6428 w
9 I f
(macro-name)1332 6428 w
10 R f
(As an example, one might define a)6 1389 1 970 6644 t
10 CW f
(square)2384 6644 w
10 R f
(by)2769 6644 w
9 CW f
( })1 108( $2)1 216(define square { box ht $1 wid $1)7 1728 3 1008 6814 t
10 R f
(and use it as)3 491 1 720 6994 t
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17 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 15 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
9 CW f
(square\(1, "one" "inch"\))2 1242 1 1008 830 t
(square\(0.5\))1008 940 w
(square\(0.25, "\\s-4tiny\\s+4" dashed\))2 1890 1 1008 1050 t
10 R f
2430 1272 2430 1992 Dl
3150 1272 2430 1272 Dl
3150 1992 3150 1272 Dl
2430 1992 3150 1992 Dl
(one)2718 1592 w
(inch)2704 1712 w
3150 1452 3150 1812 Dl
3510 1452 3150 1452 Dl
3510 1812 3510 1452 Dl
3150 1812 3510 1812 Dl
3546 1722 3510 1722 Dl
3618 1722 3582 1722 Dl
3690 1722 3654 1722 Dl
3690 1686 3690 1722 Dl
3690 1614 3690 1650 Dl
3690 1542 3690 1578 Dl
3654 1542 3690 1542 Dl
3582 1542 3618 1542 Dl
3510 1542 3546 1542 Dl
3510 1578 3510 1542 Dl
3510 1650 3510 1614 Dl
3510 1722 3510 1686 Dl
6 R f
(tiny)3553 1652 w
10 R f
(Notice how the second argument may be used to pass in arbitrary contents.)12 2992 1 720 2190 t
(Coordinates like)1 658 1 970 2346 t
10 I f
(x,y)1653 2346 w
10 R f
(may be enclosed in parentheses, as in \()7 1552 1 1791 2346 t
10 I f
(x,y)3343 2346 w
10 R f
(\), so they can be included in a macro argument.)9 1893 1 3456 2346 t
10 B f
( Copy)1 253(11. File)1 336 2 720 2586 t
10 R f
(The statement)1 563 1 970 2742 t
9 CW f
(copy ")1 324 1 1008 2912 t
9 I f
(filename)1332 2912 w
9 CW f
(")1642 2912 w
10 R f
( Any)1 224(inserts the contents of the named file at that point in the input.)12 2503 2 720 3092 t
10 CW f
(.PS)3474 3092 w
10 R f
(or)3681 3092 w
10 CW f
(.PE)3791 3092 w
10 R f
(lines within the file are ignored, so)6 1402 1 3998 3092 t
(previously prepared pictures can be used as parts of larger ones without editing.)12 3185 1 720 3212 t
10 I f
(Pic)970 3368 w
10 R f
(also provides the)2 677 1 1128 3368 t
10 CW f
(copy thru)1 505 1 1830 3368 t
10 R f
(mechanism found in)2 816 1 2360 3368 t
10 I f
(grap)3201 3368 w
10 R f
(:)3390 3368 w
9 CW f
(copy ")1 324 1 1008 3538 t
9 I f
(file)1332 3538 w
9 CW f
(" thru)1 324 1 1447 3538 t
9 I f
(macro-name)1825 3538 w
10 R f
(copies)720 3718 w
10 I f
(file)1005 3718 w
10 R f
( literal macro)2 544( A)1 128(, treating each line as an invocation of the named macro \(each field being an argument\).)15 3595 3 1133 3718 t
(may be used instead of a name:)6 1253 1 720 3838 t
9 CW f
(copy ")1 324 1 1008 4008 t
9 I f
(file)1332 4008 w
9 CW f
(" thru {)2 432 1 1447 4008 t
9 I f
(macro replacement text)2 851 1 1933 4008 t
9 CW f
(})2838 4008 w
10 R f
(and if no file name is given, the remainder of the input until the next)14 2733 1 720 4188 t
10 CW f
(.PE)3479 4188 w
10 R f
( to plot a set of circles at points)8 1257( So)1 157(is used.)1 301 3 3685 4188 t
(whose coordinates and radii are included in-line:)6 1946 1 720 4308 t
9 CW f
(copy thru { circle rad $3 at $1,$2 })8 1944 1 1008 4478 t
(0 0 .05)2 378 1 1008 4588 t
(1 1 .1)2 324 1 1008 4698 t
(...)1008 4808 w
10 R f
2646 5822 72 72 De
3330 5102 144 144 De
2804 5606 43 43 De
2934 5318 72 72 De
2682 5246 144 144 De
2955 5174 28 28 De
3078 5462 216 216 De
3373 5534 57 57 De
3204 5822 108 108 De
3020 5642 43 43 De
(The)970 6110 w
10 CW f
(sh)1150 6110 w
10 R f
(command executes an arbitrary commandline:)4 1846 1 1295 6110 t
9 CW f
(sh {)1 216 1 1008 6280 t
9 I f
(anything)1278 6280 w
9 CW f
(})1647 6280 w
10 R f
(Macros within)1 580 1 720 6460 t
10 I f
(anything)1325 6460 w
10 R f
(are expanded first.)2 739 1 1700 6460 t
10 B f
( and Conditionals)2 758(12. Loops)1 437 2 720 6700 t
10 I f
(Pic)970 6856 w
10 R f
(provides an)1 463 1 1128 6856 t
10 CW f
(if)1616 6856 w
10 R f
(statement and a)2 621 1 1761 6856 t
10 CW f
(for)2407 6856 w
10 R f
(loop.)2612 6856 w
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18 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 16 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
9 CW f
(pi = atan2\(0,-1\))2 864 1 1008 830 t
(for i = 0 to 2 * pi by 0.1 do {)11 1674 1 1008 940 t
("\261" at i/2, 0)3 702 1 1440 1050 t
("s" at i/2, sin\(i\)/2)3 1080 1 1440 1160 t
("c" at i/2, cos\(i\)/2)3 1080 1 1440 1270 t
(})1008 1380 w
8 R f
(\261 s)1 36 1 1924 1978 t
(c)1927 1618 w
(\261)1960 1978 w
(s)1965 1942 w
(c)1963 1619 w
(\261)1996 1978 w
(s)2001 1906 w
(c)1999 1625 w
(\261)2032 1978 w
(s)2037 1871 w
(c)2035 1633 w
(\261)2068 1978 w
(s)2073 1837 w
(c)2071 1646 w
(\261)2104 1978 w
(s)2109 1805 w
(c)2107 1661 w
(\261)2140 1978 w
(s)2145 1774 w
(c)2143 1680 w
(\261)2176 1978 w
(s)2181 1746 w
(c)2179 1702 w
(\261)2212 1978 w
(s)2217 1719 w
(c)2215 1727 w
(\261)2248 1978 w
(s)2253 1695 w
(c)2251 1754 w
(\261)2284 1978 w
(s)2289 1674 w
(c)2287 1783 w
(\261)2320 1978 w
(s)2325 1656 w
(c)2323 1814 w
(\261)2356 1978 w
(s)2361 1642 w
(c)2359 1847 w
(\261)2392 1978 w
(s)2397 1630 w
(c)2395 1881 w
(\261)2428 1978 w
(s)2433 1623 w
(c)2431 1916 w
(\261)2464 1978 w
(s)2469 1618 w
(c)2467 1952 w
(\261)2500 1978 w
(s)2505 1618 w
(c)2503 1988 w
(\261)2536 1978 w
(s)2541 1620 w
(c)2539 2024 w
(\261)2572 1978 w
(s)2577 1627 w
(c)2575 2060 w
(\261)2608 1978 w
(s)2613 1637 w
(c)2611 2094 w
(\261)2644 1978 w
(s)2649 1650 w
(c)2647 2127 w
(\261)2680 1978 w
(s)2685 1666 w
(c)2683 2159 w
(\261)2716 1978 w
(s)2721 1687 w
(c)2719 2189 w
(\261)2752 1978 w
(s)2757 1709 w
(c)2755 2217 w
(\261)2788 1978 w
(s)2793 1734 w
(c)2791 2243 w
(\261)2824 1978 w
(s)2829 1762 w
(c)2827 2266 w
(\261)2860 1978 w
(s)2865 1792 w
(c)2863 2286 w
(\261)2896 1978 w
(s)2901 1823 w
(c)2899 2303 w
(\261)2932 1978 w
(s)2937 1857 w
(c)2935 2317 w
(\261)2968 1978 w
(s)2973 1891 w
(c)2971 2327 w
(\261)3004 1978 w
(s)3009 1926 w
(c)3007 2334 w
(\261)3040 1978 w
(s)3045 1962 w
(c)3043 2338 w
(\261)3076 1978 w
(s)3081 1998 w
(c)3079 2337 w
(\261)3112 1978 w
(s)3117 2034 w
(c)3115 2333 w
(\261)3148 1978 w
(s)3153 2070 w
(c)3151 2325 w
(\261)3184 1978 w
(s)3189 2104 w
(c)3187 2314 w
(\261)3220 1978 w
(s)3225 2137 w
(c)3223 2300 w
(\261)3256 1978 w
(s)3261 2168 w
(c)3259 2283 w
(\261)3292 1978 w
(s)3297 2198 w
(c)3295 2262 w
(\261)3328 1978 w
(s)3333 2225 w
(c)3331 2239 w
(\261)3364 1978 w
(s)3369 2250 w
(c)3367 2213 w
(\261)3400 1978 w
(s)3405 2272 w
(c)3403 2184 w
(\261)3436 1978 w
(s)3441 2291 w
(c)3439 2154 w
(\261)3472 1978 w
(s)3477 2307 w
(c)3475 2122 w
(\261)3508 1978 w
(s)3513 2320 w
(c)3511 2088 w
(\261)3544 1978 w
(s)3549 2330 w
(c)3547 2053 w
(\261)3580 1978 w
(s)3585 2335 w
(c)3583 2018 w
(\261)3616 1978 w
(s)3621 2338 w
(c)3619 1982 w
(\261)3652 1978 w
(s)3657 2336 w
(c)3655 1946 w
(\261)3688 1978 w
(s)3693 2331 w
(c)3691 1911 w
(\261)3724 1978 w
(s)3729 2322 w
(c)3727 1875 w
(\261)3760 1978 w
(s)3765 2311 w
(c)3763 1841 w
(\261)3796 1978 w
(s)3801 2296 w
(c)3799 1809 w
(\261)3832 1978 w
(s)3837 2277 w
(c)3835 1778 w
(\261)3868 1978 w
(s)3873 2255 w
(c)3871 1749 w
(\261)3904 1978 w
(s)3909 2232 w
(c)3907 1723 w
(\261)3940 1978 w
(s)3945 2205 w
(c)3943 1698 w
(\261)3976 1978 w
(s)3981 2176 w
(c)3979 1677 w
(\261)4012 1978 w
(s)4017 2145 w
(c)4015 1659 w
(\261)4048 1978 w
(s)4053 2112 w
(c)4051 1643 w
(\261)4084 1978 w
(s)4089 2078 w
(c)4087 1632 w
(\261)4120 1978 w
(s)4125 2043 w
(c)4123 1623 w
(\261)4156 1978 w
(s)4161 2008 w
(c)4159 1619 w
10 R f
(The)720 2520 w
10 CW f
(by)902 2520 w
10 R f
(clause is optional; if the value is preceded by a)9 1884 1 1049 2520 t
10 CW f
(*)2960 2520 w
10 R f
( the)1 150( body of)2 337( The)1 207(, the steps are multiplicative, not additive.)6 1686 4 3020 2520 t
(loop is delimited by braces, which are also used for definitions,)10 2530 1 720 2640 t
10 CW f
(copy)3275 2640 w
10 R f
(,)3515 2640 w
10 CW f
(sh)3565 2640 w
10 R f
(and)3710 2640 w
10 CW f
(if)3879 2640 w
10 R f
(statements.)4024 2640 w
(The)970 2796 w
10 CW f
(if)1150 2796 w
10 R f
(statement is)1 475 1 1295 2796 t
9 CW f
(if)1008 2966 w
9 I f
(expression)1170 2966 w
9 CW f
(then {)1 324 1 1609 2966 t
9 I f
(anything)1987 2966 w
9 CW f
(} else {)2 432 1 2356 2966 t
9 I f
(anything)2842 2966 w
9 CW f
(})3211 2966 w
10 R f
(where the)1 398 1 720 3146 t
10 CW f
(else)1151 3146 w
10 R f
( The)1 213(clause is optional.)2 735 2 1424 3146 t
10 I f
(expression)2405 3146 w
10 R f
( relational operators:)2 844(may use the usual)3 737 2 2865 3146 t
10 CW f
(==)4480 3146 w
10 R f
(,)4600 3146 w
10 CW f
(!=)4659 3146 w
10 R f
(,)4779 3146 w
10 CW f
(>)4838 3146 w
10 R f
(,)4898 3146 w
10 CW f
(>=)4957 3146 w
10 R f
(,)5077 3146 w
10 CW f
(<)5136 3146 w
10 R f
(,)5196 3146 w
10 CW f
(<=)5255 3146 w
10 R f
(,)5375 3146 w
10 CW f
(&&)720 3266 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 840 3266 t
10 CW f
(||)1059 3266 w
10 R f
(.)1179 3266 w
9 CW f
(pi = atan2\(0,-1\))2 864 1 1008 3436 t
(for i = 0 to pi by 0.1 do {)9 1458 1 1008 3546 t
(if \(s = sin\(i\)\) > 0.8 then { s = 0.8 })11 2052 1 1440 3656 t
("x" at i/2, s/2)3 810 1 1440 3766 t
(})1008 3876 w
8 R f
(x)2482 4402 w
(x)2518 4366 w
(x)2554 4330 w
(x)2590 4295 w
(x)2626 4261 w
(x)2662 4229 w
(x)2698 4198 w
(x)2734 4170 w
(x)2770 4143 w
(x)2806 4119 w
(x x x x x x x x x x x x x)12 472 1 2842 4114 t
(x)3310 4133 w
(x)3346 4158 w
(x)3382 4186 w
(x)3418 4216 w
(x)3454 4247 w
(x)3490 4281 w
(x)3526 4315 w
(x)3562 4350 w
(x)3598 4386 w
10 R f
(A string comparison using)3 1058 1 720 4584 t
10 CW f
(==)1803 4584 w
10 R f
(or)1948 4584 w
10 CW f
(!=)2056 4584 w
10 R f
(is also permitted, to compare quoted strings:)6 1774 1 2201 4584 t
9 CW f
(if ")1 216 1 1008 4754 t
9 I f
(string1)1224 4754 w
9 CW f
(" == ")2 324 1 1479 4754 t
9 I f
(string2)1803 4754 w
9 CW f
(" then ...)2 540 1 2058 4754 t
10 B f
(13.)720 5054 w
10 I f
(Troff)895 5054 w
10 B f
(Interface)1121 5054 w
10 I f
(Pic)970 5210 w
10 R f
(is usually run as a)4 716 1 1128 5210 t
10 I f
(troff)1869 5210 w
10 R f
(preprocessor:)2067 5210 w
9 CW f
(pic file | troff -ms)4 1080 1 1008 5380 t
10 R f
(Run it before)2 527 1 720 5560 t
10 I f
(eqn)1272 5560 w
10 R f
(if it is also present.)4 758 1 1441 5560 t
(If the)1 213 1 970 5716 t
10 CW f
(.PS)1208 5716 w
10 R f
(line looks like)2 567 1 1413 5716 t
9 CW f
(.PS <file)1 486 1 1008 5886 t
10 R f
(then the contents of)3 794 1 720 6066 t
10 CW f
(file)1542 6066 w
10 R f
(are inserted in place of the)5 1070 1 1810 6066 t
10 CW f
(.PS)2908 6066 w
10 R f
( contains)1 362(line, whether or not the file)5 1102 2 3116 6066 t
10 CW f
(.PS)4609 6066 w
10 R f
(or)4818 6066 w
10 CW f
(.PE)4930 6066 w
10 R f
(. \(This)1 290 1 5110 6066 t
(feature is deprecated in favor of the)6 1417 1 720 6186 t
10 CW f
(copy)2162 6186 w
10 R f
(statement.\))2427 6186 w
10 I f
(Pic)970 6342 w
10 R f
(copies the)1 406 1 1132 6342 t
10 CW f
(.PS)1567 6342 w
10 R f
(and)1776 6342 w
10 CW f
(.PE)1949 6342 w
10 R f
(lines from input to output intact, except that it adds two things on the same line)15 3241 1 2159 6342 t
(as the)1 230 1 720 6462 t
10 CW f
(.PS)975 6462 w
10 R f
(:)1155 6462 w
9 CW f
(.PS h w)2 378 1 1008 6632 t
10 CW f
(h)720 6812 w
10 R f
(and)813 6812 w
10 CW f
(w)990 6812 w
10 R f
( The)1 214( picture height and width in units.)6 1401(are the)1 276 3 1083 6812 t
10 CW f
(-ms)3008 6812 w
10 R f
(macro package has definitions for)4 1388 1 3222 6812 t
10 CW f
(.PS)4644 6812 w
10 R f
(and)4858 6812 w
10 CW f
(.PE)5036 6812 w
10 R f
(that)5250 6812 w
( the appendix.\))2 596( \(See)1 227(cause pictures to be centered and offset a bit from surrounding text.)11 2694 3 720 6932 t
(If ``)1 169 1 970 7088 t
10 CW f
(.PF)1139 7088 w
10 R f
('' is used instead of)4 830 1 1319 7088 t
10 CW f
(.PE)2186 7088 w
10 R f
( after printing is restored to where it was before the picture)11 2490(, the position)2 544 2 2366 7088 t
( \(``)1 149(started, instead of being at the bottom.)6 1532 2 720 7208 t
10 CW f
(F)2401 7208 w
10 R f
('' is for ``flyback.''\))3 813 1 2461 7208 t
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19 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 17 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
(Any input line that begins with a period is assumed to be a)12 2379 1 970 840 t
10 I f
(troff)3377 840 w
10 R f
( that point; it is)4 623(command that makes sense at)4 1199 2 3578 840 t
( is asking for trouble to add vertical space or in any way fiddle)13 2537( It)1 114( document.)1 447(copied to the output at that point in the)8 1582 4 720 960 t
(with the line spacing here, but point size and font changes are generally harmless:)13 3266 1 720 1080 t
9 CW f
(.ps 24)1 324 1 1008 1250 t
(circle radius .4 at 0,0)4 1242 1 1008 1360 t
(.ps 12)1 324 1 1008 1470 t
(circle radius .2 at 0,0)4 1242 1 1008 1580 t
(.ps 8)1 270 1 1008 1690 t
(circle radius .1 at 0,0)4 1242 1 1008 1800 t
(.ps 6)1 270 1 1008 1910 t
(circle radius .05 at 0,0)4 1296 1 1008 2020 t
( don't forget to restore size)5 1566( \\")1 216(.ps 10)1 324 3 1008 2130 t
24 R f
2772 2640 576 576 De
12 R f
2916 2640 288 288 De
8 R f
2988 2640 144 144 De
6 R f
3024 2640 72 72 De
10 I f
(Pic)720 3126 w
10 R f
(does preserve the state of)4 1008 1 878 3126 t
10 I f
(troff)1911 3126 w
10 R f
('s fill mode across pictures.)4 1101 1 2084 3126 t
( in)1 132( also safe to include sizes, fonts and local motions within quoted strings \)..."")13 3135(It is)1 156 3 970 3282 t
10 I f
(pic)4422 3282 w
10 R f
(, so long as whatever)4 856 1 4544 3282 t
( example, to print text in Helvetica Bold 2 points larger:)10 2240( For)1 189(changes are made are unmade before exiting the string.)8 2202 3 720 3402 t
9 CW f
(ellipse "\\s+2\\f\(HBSmile!\\fP\\s-2")1 1728 1 1008 3572 t
10 R f
2790 3974 540 360 De
12 HB f
(Smile!)2879 3994 w
10 R f
(This is essentially the same rule as applies in)8 1793 1 720 4352 t
10 I f
(eqn)2538 4352 w
10 R f
(.)2682 4352 w
(There is a subtle problem with complicated equations inside)8 2411 1 970 4508 t
10 I f
(pic)3407 4508 w
10 R f
( they come out wrong if)5 967(pictures \320)1 442 2 3555 4508 t
10 I f
(eqn)4991 4508 w
10 R f
(has to)1 238 1 5162 4508 t
( your equation involves more than subscripts and superscripts, you)9 2781( If)1 129(leave extra vertical space for the equation.)6 1770 3 720 4628 t
(must add to the beginning of each equation the extra information)10 2591 1 720 4748 t
10 CW f
(space 0)1 420 1 3336 4748 t
10 R f
(:)3756 4748 w
9 CW f
(arrow)1008 4918 w
(box "$space 0 {H\( omega \)} over {1 - H\( omega \)}$")11 2700 1 1008 5028 t
(arrow)1008 5138 w
10 R f
2790 5540 2430 5540 Dl
2790 5540 2718 5558 Dl
2790 5540 2718 5522 Dl
2790 5360 2790 5720 Dl
3330 5360 2790 5360 Dl
3330 5720 3330 5360 Dl
2790 5720 3330 5720 Dl
(1)2876 5630 w
10 S f
(-)2942 5630 w
10 I f
(H)3013 5630 w
10 R f
(\()3093 5630 w
10 S f
(w)3134 5630 w
10 R f
(\))3211 5630 w
10 I f
(H)2945 5500 w
10 R f
(\()3025 5500 w
10 S f
(w)3066 5500 w
10 R f
(\))3143 5500 w
10 S1 f
(________)2862 5530 w
3690 5540 3330 5540 Dl
3690 5540 3618 5558 Dl
3690 5540 3618 5522 Dl
10 B f
( Examples)1 442(14. Some)1 408 2 720 6038 t
10 R f
(Here are a handful of larger examples:)6 1533 1 970 6194 t
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20 pagesetup
10 R f
(- 18 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
8 CW f
2016 1170 2016 1314 Dl
2232 1170 2016 1170 Dl
2232 1314 2232 1170 Dl
2016 1314 2232 1314 Dl
2016 1314 2016 1458 Dl
2232 1314 2016 1314 Dl
2232 1458 2232 1314 Dl
2016 1458 2232 1458 Dl
2016 1458 2016 1602 Dl
2232 1458 2016 1458 Dl
2232 1602 2232 1458 Dl
2016 1602 2232 1602 Dl
2016 1602 2016 2034 Dl
2232 1602 2016 1602 Dl
2232 2034 2232 1602 Dl
2016 2034 2232 2034 Dl
(.)2100 1714 w
(.)2100 1834 w
(.)2100 1954 w
2016 2034 2016 2178 Dl
2232 2034 2016 2034 Dl
2232 2178 2232 2034 Dl
2016 2178 2232 2178 Dl
2016 2178 2016 2322 Dl
2232 2178 2016 2178 Dl
2232 2322 2232 2178 Dl
2016 2322 2232 2322 Dl
(hashtab:)1608 1258 w
2520 882 2520 1026 Dl
2880 882 2520 882 Dl
2880 1026 2880 882 Dl
2520 1026 2880 1026 Dl
(...)2628 970 w
2880 882 2880 1026 Dl
3024 882 2880 882 Dl
3024 1026 3024 882 Dl
2880 1026 3024 1026 Dl
(n1)2904 970 w
3024 882 3024 1026 Dl
3240 882 3024 882 Dl
3240 1026 3240 882 Dl
3024 1026 3240 1026 Dl
(d1)3084 970 w
3240 882 3240 1026 Dl
3528 882 3240 882 Dl
3528 1026 3528 882 Dl
3240 1026 3528 1026 Dl
(n3)3336 970 w
3528 882 3528 1026 Dl
3744 882 3528 882 Dl
3744 1026 3744 882 Dl
3528 1026 3744 1026 Dl
(d3)3588 970 w
3744 882 3744 1026 Dl
4032 882 3744 882 Dl
4032 1026 4032 882 Dl
3744 1026 4032 1026 Dl
(...)3816 970 w
4032 882 4032 1026 Dl
4392 882 4032 882 Dl
4392 1026 4392 882 Dl
4032 1026 4392 1026 Dl
(n2)4164 970 w
4392 882 4392 1026 Dl
4536 882 4392 882 Dl
4536 1026 4536 882 Dl
4392 1026 4536 1026 Dl
(d2)4416 970 w
2484 1386 2124 1386 Dl
2484 1386 2412 1404 Dl
2484 1386 2412 1368 Dl
2484 1350 2484 1422 Dl
2592 1350 2484 1350 Dl
2592 1422 2592 1350 Dl
2484 1422 2592 1422 Dl
2484 1422 2484 1494 Dl
2592 1422 2484 1422 Dl
2592 1494 2592 1422 Dl
2484 1494 2592 1494 Dl
2484 1494 2484 1566 Dl
2592 1494 2484 1494 Dl
2592 1566 2592 1494 Dl
2484 1566 2592 1566 Dl
2538 1386 2538 1386 2682 1386 Ds
2538 1386 2682 1386 2916 1026 Ds
2682 1386 2916 1026 2916 1026 Ds
2915 1026 2891 1095 Dl
2916 1026 2862 1076 Dl
2538 1458 2538 1458 2754 1458 Ds
2538 1458 2754 1458 3060 1026 Ds
2754 1458 3060 1026 3060 1026 Ds
3059 1026 3033 1095 Dl
3059 1026 3003 1074 Dl
2898 1530 2538 1530 Dl
2898 1530 2826 1548 Dl
2898 1530 2826 1512 Dl
2898 1494 2898 1566 Dl
3006 1494 2898 1494 Dl
3006 1566 3006 1494 Dl
2898 1566 3006 1566 Dl
2898 1566 2898 1638 Dl
3006 1566 2898 1566 Dl
3006 1638 3006 1566 Dl
2898 1638 3006 1638 Dl
2898 1638 2898 1710 Dl
3006 1638 2898 1638 Dl
3006 1710 3006 1638 Dl
2898 1710 3006 1710 Dl
2952 1530 2952 1530 3096 1530 Ds
2952 1530 3096 1530 3996 1170 Ds
3096 1530 3996 1170 4068 1026 Ds
3996 1170 4068 1026 4068 1026 Ds
4067 1026 4052 1098 Dl
4067 1026 4019 1082 Dl
2952 1602 2952 1602 3168 1602 Ds
2952 1602 3168 1602 4356 1170 Ds
3168 1602 4356 1170 4428 1026 Ds
4356 1170 4428 1026 4428 1026 Ds
4427 1026 4412 1098 Dl
4427 1026 4379 1082 Dl
2844 2106 2124 2106 Dl
2844 2106 2772 2124 Dl
2844 2106 2772 2088 Dl
2844 2070 2844 2142 Dl
2952 2070 2844 2070 Dl
2952 2142 2952 2070 Dl
2844 2142 2952 2142 Dl
2844 2142 2844 2214 Dl
2952 2142 2844 2142 Dl
2952 2214 2952 2142 Dl
2844 2214 2952 2214 Dl
2844 2214 2844 2286 Dl
2952 2214 2844 2214 Dl
2952 2286 2952 2214 Dl
2844 2286 2952 2286 Dl
2898 2106 2898 2106 3042 2106 Ds
2898 2106 3042 2106 3276 1026 Ds
3042 2106 3276 1026 3276 1026 Ds
3276 1026 3278 1100 Dl
3275 1026 3242 1092 Dl
2898 2178 2898 2178 3114 2178 Ds
2898 2178 3114 2178 3564 1026 Ds
3114 2178 3564 1026 3564 1026 Ds
3563 1026 3554 1099 Dl
3563 1026 3520 1086 Dl
(ndblock)3648 2122 w
3565 2113 3600 2106 Dl
3489 2128 3524 2121 Dl
3413 2143 3448 2136 Dl
3337 2159 3372 2152 Dl
3261 2174 3296 2167 Dl
3185 2190 3220 2183 Dl
3109 2206 3144 2199 Dl
3110 2206 3176 2174 Dl
3109 2207 3183 2209 Dl
(ndtable:)2112 970 w
9 CW f
(define ndblock {)2 864 1 1008 2680 t
(box wid boxwid/2 ht boxht/2)4 1458 1 1440 2780 t
( same)1 270( box)1 324( same with .t at bottom of last box;)8 1944(down; box)1 540 4 1440 2880 t
(})1008 2980 w
(boxht = .2; boxwid = .3; circlerad = .3; dx = 0.05)11 2700 1 1008 3080 t
(down; box; box; box; box ht 3*boxht "." "." ".")9 2538 1 1008 3180 t
(L: box; box; box invis wid 2*boxwid "hashtab:" with .e at 1st box .w)13 3672 1 1008 3280 t
(right)1008 3380 w
(Start: box wid .5 with .sw at 1st box.ne + \(.4,.2\) "...")11 3024 1 1008 3480 t
( box wid .3 "d1")4 864( D1:)1 270(N1: box wid .2 "n1";)4 1080 3 1008 3580 t
( box wid .3 "d3")4 864( D3:)1 270(N3: box wid .4 "n3";)4 1080 3 1008 3680 t
(box wid .4 "...")3 864 1 1008 3780 t
( box wid .2 "d2")4 864( D2:)1 270(N2: box wid .5 "n2";)4 1080 3 1008 3880 t
(arrow right from 2nd box)4 1296 1 1008 3980 t
(ndblock)1008 4080 w
(spline -> right .2 from 3rd last box then to N1.sw + \(dx,0\))12 3186 1 1008 4180 t
(spline -> right .3 from 2nd last box then to D1.sw + \(dx,0\))12 3186 1 1008 4280 t
(arrow right from last box)4 1350 1 1008 4380 t
(ndblock)1008 4480 w
(spline -> right .2 from 3rd last box to N2.sw-\(dx,.2\) to N2.sw+\(dx,0\))11 3726 1 1008 4580 t
(spline -> right .3 from 2nd last box to D2.sw-\(dx,.2\) to D2.sw+\(dx,0\))11 3726 1 1008 4680 t
(arrow right 2*linewid from L)4 1512 1 1008 4780 t
(ndblock)1008 4880 w
(spline -> right .2 from 3rd last box to N3.sw + \(dx,0\))11 2916 1 1008 4980 t
(spline -> right .3 from 2nd last box to D3.sw + \(dx,0\))11 2916 1 1008 5080 t
(circlerad = .3)2 756 1 1008 5180 t
( last box.e + \(1.2,.2\))4 1188( at)1 216(circle invis "ndblock")2 1188 3 1008 5280 t
(arrow dashed from last circle.w to last box chop 0 chop .3)11 3132 1 1008 5380 t
(box invis wid 2*boxwid "ndtable:" with .e at Start.w)8 2808 1 1008 5480 t
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10 R f
(- 19 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
8 R f
1683 2787 1260 2787 Dl
1683 2788 1599 2808 Dl
1683 2786 1599 2766 Dl
(source)1368 2743 w
(code)1396 2863 w
1683 2576 1683 2999 Dl
2318 2576 1683 2576 Dl
2319 2999 2319 2576 Dl
1684 2999 2319 2999 Dl
(lexical)1895 2743 w
(analyzer)1866 2863 w
2742 2787 2319 2787 Dl
2741 2788 2657 2808 Dl
2741 2786 2657 2766 Dl
(tokens)2426 2743 w
2742 2576 2742 2999 Dl
3377 2576 2742 2576 Dl
3377 2999 3377 2576 Dl
2742 2999 3377 2999 Dl
(parser)2964 2803 w
3800 2787 3377 2787 Dl
3800 2788 3716 2808 Dl
3800 2786 3716 2766 Dl
(intermediate)3391 2743 w
(code)3514 2863 w
3800 2576 3800 2999 Dl
4435 2576 3800 2576 Dl
4436 2999 4436 2576 Dl
3801 2999 4436 2999 Dl
(semantic)3978 2743 w
(checker)3996 2863 w
4859 2787 4436 2787 Dl
4859 2788 4775 2808 Dl
4859 2786 4775 2766 Dl
2000 2575 1980 2491 Dl
2002 2575 2022 2491 Dl
2000 2153 2000 2576 Dl
2002 2153 2022 2237 Dl
2000 2153 1980 2237 Dl
1683 1729 1683 2152 Dl
2318 1728 1683 1728 Dl
2319 2151 2319 1728 Dl
1684 2152 2319 2152 Dl
(lexical)1895 1897 w
(corrector)1858 2017 w
3059 2575 3039 2491 Dl
3060 2575 3080 2491 Dl
3060 2153 3060 2576 Dl
3060 2153 3080 2237 Dl
3059 2153 3039 2237 Dl
2742 1729 2742 2152 Dl
3377 1728 2742 1728 Dl
3377 2151 3377 1728 Dl
2742 2152 3377 2152 Dl
(syntactic)2919 1897 w
(corrector)2918 2017 w
3060 1305 3060 1728 Dl
3060 1306 3080 1390 Dl
3059 1306 3039 1390 Dl
2742 882 2742 1305 Dl
3377 882 2742 882 Dl
3377 1305 3377 882 Dl
2742 1305 3377 1305 Dl
(diagnostic)2897 989 w
(message)2926 1109 w
(printer)2955 1229 w
3378 1092 3462 1072 Dl
3378 1095 3462 1115 Dl
3800 1093 3377 1093 Dl
3800 1095 3716 1115 Dl
3800 1092 3716 1072 Dl
3800 882 3800 1305 Dl
4435 882 3800 882 Dl
4436 1305 4436 882 Dl
3801 1305 4436 1305 Dl
(symbol)4002 1049 w
(table)4042 1169 w
2742 1305 2319 1728 Dl
2741 1306 2697 1380 Dl
2741 1306 2667 1350 Dl
3377 1306 3800 2576 Dl
3378 1306 3424 1379 Dl
3378 1305 3384 1392 Dl
4117 2575 4097 2491 Dl
4120 2575 4140 2491 Dl
4119 1306 4119 2576 Dl
4120 1306 4140 1390 Dl
4117 1306 4097 1390 Dl
9 CW f
(.PS 5)1 270 1 1008 3283 t
(.ps 8)1 270 1 1008 3393 t
(arrow "source" "code")2 1134 1 1440 3503 t
( "lexical" "analyzer")2 1134(LA: box)1 594 2 1008 3613 t
(arrow "tokens" above)2 1080 1 1440 3723 t
( "parser")1 486(P: box)1 594 2 1008 3833 t
(arrow "intermediate" "code")2 1458 1 1440 3943 t
( "semantic" "checker")2 1134(Sem: box)1 594 2 1008 4053 t
(arrow)1440 4163 w
(arrow <-> up from top of LA)6 1458 1 1440 4383 t
( "lexical" "corrector")2 1188(LC: box)1 594 2 1008 4493 t
(arrow <-> up from top of P)6 1404 1 1440 4603 t
( "syntactic" "corrector")2 1296(Syn: box)1 594 2 1008 4713 t
(arrow up)1 432 1 1440 4823 t
( "diagnostic" "message" "printer")3 1782(DMP: box)1 594 2 1008 4933 t
( right of DMP)3 702( from)1 324(arrow <-> right)2 810 3 1440 5043 t
( "symbol" "table")2 918(ST: box)1 594 2 1008 5153 t
(arrow from LC.ne to DMP.sw)4 1404 1 1440 5263 t
(arrow from Sem.nw to DMP.se)4 1458 1 1440 5373 t
(arrow <-> from Sem.top to ST.bot)5 1728 1 1440 5483 t
(.PE)1008 5593 w
10 R f
(There are eighteen objects \(boxes and arrows\) in the picture, and one line of)13 3049 1 970 5809 t
10 I f
(pic)4045 5809 w
10 R f
(input for each; this seems like)5 1206 1 4194 5809 t
(an acceptable level of verbosity.)4 1288 1 720 5929 t
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10 R f
(- 20 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
8 R f
1834 1422 360 360 De
(DISK)1921 1438 w
2554 1422 2194 1422 Dl
2554 1422 2482 1440 Dl
2554 1422 2482 1404 Dl
(character)2230 1378 w
(defns)2288 1498 w
2554 1242 2554 1602 Dl
3094 1242 2554 1242 Dl
3094 1602 3094 1242 Dl
2554 1602 3094 1602 Dl
(CPU)2746 1378 w
(\(16-bit mini\))1 408 1 2620 1498 t
2824 1242 2806 1170 Dl
2824 1242 2842 1170 Dl
2824 882 2824 1242 Dl
(input)2640 1078 w
3454 1422 3094 1422 Dl
3454 1422 3382 1440 Dl
3454 1422 3382 1404 Dl
(CRT)3514 1438 w
3454 1368 3454 1476 Dl
3814 1368 3454 1368 Dl
4174 1188 3814 1368 Dl
4174 1656 4174 1188 Dl
3814 1476 4174 1656 Dl
3454 1476 3814 1476 Dl
4210 882 4228 954 Dl
4210 882 4192 954 Dl
4210 1962 4210 882 Dl
(... paper)1 276 1 4230 1798 t
4134 1062 72 72 De
4213 1062 72 72 De
(rollers)4342 1078 w
10 R f
(Basic Digital Typesetter)2 971 1 2574 2160 t
9 CW f
(.PS)1008 2476 w
(.ps -2)1 324 1 1008 2576 t
(circle "DISK")1 702 1 1440 2676 t
(arrow "character" "defns")2 1350 1 1440 2776 t
( "CPU" "\(16-bit mini\)")3 1188(CPU: box)1 594 2 1008 2876 t
({ arrow <- from top of CPU up "input " rjust })11 2484 1 1440 2976 t
(arrow)1440 3076 w
( ljust)1 324( CRT")1 378(CRT: ")1 486 3 1008 3176 t
(line from CRT - 0,0.075 up 0.15 \\)7 1782 1 1440 3276 t
(then right 0.5 \\)3 864 1 1872 3376 t
(then right 0.5 up 0.25 \\)5 1296 1 1872 3476 t
(then down 0.5+0.15 \\)3 1080 1 1872 3576 t
(then left 0.5 up 0.25 \\)5 1242 1 1872 3676 t
(then left 0.5)2 702 1 1872 3776 t
( + 1.05,0.75)2 648(Paper: CRT)1 594 2 1008 3876 t
(arrow <- from Paper down 1.5)5 1512 1 1440 3976 t
( ljust at end of last arrow + 0, 0.25)9 1998( paper")1 432(" ...)1 270 3 1440 4076 t
(circle rad 0.05 at Paper + \(-0.055, -0.25\))7 2268 1 1440 4176 t
(circle rad 0.05 at Paper + \(0.055, -0.25\))7 2214 1 1440 4276 t
( ljust at Paper + \(0.1, -0.25\))6 1620(" rollers")1 648 2 1440 4376 t
(.ps +2)1 324 1 1008 4476 t
(.PE)1008 4576 w
(.ce)1008 4676 w
(Basic Digital Typesetter)2 1296 1 1008 4776 t
10 B f
(Acknowledgements)720 5076 w
10 R f
( versions of)2 486(I am indebted to Chris Van Wyk for ideas from several)10 2291 2 970 5232 t
10 I f
(ideal)3782 5232 w
10 R f
( and Doug McIlroy have also)5 1217(. He)1 201 2 3982 5232 t
( for line and circle drawing, and made useful suggestions on the design of)13 2984(contributed algorithms)1 912 2 720 5352 t
10 I f
(pic)4644 5352 w
10 R f
( Pavlidis)1 351(. Theo)1 283 2 4766 5352 t
( Charles)1 362( of an arc.)3 419(contributed the basic spline algorithm; Eric Grosse provided code to compute the bounding box)13 3899 3 720 5472 t
( of the language and)4 809(Wetherell pointed out reference [2] to me, and made several valuable criticisms on an early draft)15 3871 2 720 5592 t
( improved by suggestions from Jim Blinn and Mark Miller.)9 2417( exposition in this manual has been greatly)7 1735(manual. The)1 528 3 720 5712 t
( cheer-)1 274(I am grateful to my early users \320 Brenda Baker, Dottie Luciani, and Paul Tukey \320 for their suggestions and)19 4406 2 720 5832 t
(ful use of an often shaky and clumsy system.)8 1795 1 720 5952 t
(More recent versions of)3 959 1 970 6108 t
10 I f
(pic)1957 6108 w
10 R f
( Jon Bentley and Ravi Sethi; their)6 1374(have benefited greatly from adventurous use by)6 1919 2 2107 6108 t
(comments on the manual are also much appreciated.)7 2090 1 720 6228 t
10 B f
(References)720 6468 w
10 R f
( Laboratories internal memorandum, May 1979.)5 1922( Bell)1 217( \320 A viewgraph generating language.)5 1524( V)1 122(1. Anon.)1 347 5 820 6660 t
( Livermore)1 456( Lawrence)1 451( \320 A picture-drawing language for the Trix/Red Report Editor.)9 2621( PICTURE)1 476( J.C.)1 190(2. Beatty,)1 386 6 820 6816 t
(Laboratory Report UCID-30156, April 1977.)4 1803 1 920 6936 t
( Language for Typesetting Graphs.)4 1394( GRAP\320A)1 489(3. Bentley, J.L. and Kernighan, B.W.)5 1487 3 820 7092 t
10 I f
(CACM 29)1 403 1 4240 7092 t
10 R f
( \(August, 1986\),)2 657(, 8)1 100 2 4643 7092 t
(782-792.)920 7212 w
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10 R f
(- 21 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
( In)1 136( \320 A Program to Format Tables.)6 1342( Tbl)1 192( L.L. and Lesk, M.E.)4 847(4. Cherry,)1 402 5 820 840 t
10 I f
( Manual, Tenth Edi-)3 823(Unix Programmer's)1 810 2 3767 840 t
(tion)920 960 w
10 R f
(, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1989.)4 1318 1 1076 960 t
( Laboratories)1 545( Bell)1 233( for Typesetting \(Revised User Manual\).)5 1699( \320 A Graphics Language)4 1085( PIC)1 221( B.W.)1 251(5. Kernighan,)1 546 7 820 1116 t
(Comp. Sci. Tech. Rep. No. 116, December 1984.)7 1964 1 920 1236 t
( language for typesetting graphics.)4 1378( PIC\320a)1 350(6. Kernighan, B.W.)2 782 3 820 1392 t
10 I f
(Software Practice & Experience 12)4 1420 1 3380 1392 t
10 R f
(\(1982\), 1-20.)1 524 1 4825 1392 t
( In)1 134( Mathematics \320 User's Guide.)4 1249( Typesetting)1 523( and Cherry, L.L.)3 696(7. Kernighan, B.W.)2 782 5 820 1548 t
10 I f
(Unix Programmer's Manual,)2 1170 1 4230 1548 t
(Tenth Edition)1 548 1 920 1668 t
10 R f
(, AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1989.)4 1318 1 1468 1668 t
( In)1 152( User's Manual.)2 678( Troff)1 279( B.W. and Ossanna, J.F.)4 1039(8. Kernighan,)1 546 5 820 1824 t
10 I f
(Unix Programmer's Manual, Tenth Edition)4 1817 1 3558 1824 t
10 R f
(,)5375 1824 w
(AT&T Bell Laboratories, 1989.)3 1268 1 920 1944 t
( high-level language for specifying pictures.)5 1823( A)1 134( Wyk, C.J.)2 449(9. Van)1 266 4 820 2100 t
10 I f
(ACM Transactions on Graphics 1)4 1404 1 3554 2100 t
10 R f
(, 2 \(1982\),)2 442 1 4958 2100 t
(163-182.)920 2220 w
10 B f
(Appendix A:)1 548 1 720 2460 t
10 I f
(Pic)1318 2460 w
10 B f
(Reference Manual)1 784 1 1476 2460 t
(Pictures)720 2700 w
10 R f
(The top-level object in)3 907 1 970 2856 t
10 I f
(pic)1902 2856 w
10 R f
(is the ``picture'':)2 676 1 2049 2856 t
9 I f
(picture)1008 3026 w
9 CW f
(:)1263 3026 w
(.PS)1440 3136 w
9 I f
(optional-width optional-height)1 1139 1 1656 3136 t
(element-list)1440 3246 w
9 CW f
(.PE)1440 3356 w
10 R f
(If)720 3536 w
10 I f
(optional-width)811 3536 w
10 R f
( picture is made that many inches wide, regardless of any dimensions used internally.)13 3422(is present, the)2 552 2 1426 3536 t
(The height is scaled in the same proportion unless)8 1998 1 720 3656 t
10 I f
(optional-height)2743 3656 w
10 R f
( instead the line is)4 722( If)1 116(is present.)1 405 3 3385 3656 t
9 CW f
(.PS <f)1 324 1 1008 3826 t
10 R f
(the file)1 281 1 720 4006 t
10 CW f
(f)1027 4006 w
10 R f
(is inserted in place of the)5 1006 1 1113 4006 t
10 CW f
(.PS)2145 4006 w
10 R f
(line. If)1 292 1 2351 4006 t
10 CW f
(.PF)2669 4006 w
10 R f
(is used instead of)3 694 1 2875 4006 t
10 CW f
(.PE)3596 4006 w
10 R f
(, the position after printing is restored to)7 1624 1 3776 4006 t
(what it was upon entry.)4 935 1 720 4126 t
(In no case will the picture be larger than)8 1607 1 970 4282 t
10 CW f
(maxpsht)2602 4282 w
10 S f
(\264)3047 4282 w
10 CW f
(maxpswid)3127 4282 w
10 R f
(.)3607 4282 w
10 B f
(Elements)720 4522 w
10 R f
(An)970 4678 w
10 I f
(element-list)1117 4678 w
10 R f
(is a list of elements \(what else?\); the elements are)9 1982 1 1608 4678 t
9 I f
(element)1008 4848 w
9 CW f
(:)1288 4848 w
9 I f
(primitive attribute-list)1 821 1 1440 4958 t
(placename)1440 5068 w
9 CW f
(:)1884 5068 w
9 I f
(element)1992 5068 w
(placename)1440 5178 w
9 CW f
(:)1884 5178 w
9 I f
(position)1992 5178 w
(var)1440 5288 w
9 CW f
(=)1614 5288 w
9 I f
(expr)1722 5288 w
(direction)1440 5398 w
9 CW f
({)1440 5508 w
9 I f
(element-list)1548 5508 w
9 CW f
(})2022 5508 w
([)1440 5618 w
9 I f
(element-list)1548 5618 w
9 CW f
(])2022 5618 w
(for)1440 5728 w
9 I f
(var)1656 5728 w
9 CW f
(=)1830 5728 w
9 I f
(expr)1938 5728 w
9 CW f
(to)2152 5728 w
9 I f
(expr)2314 5728 w
9 CW f
(by)2528 5728 w
9 I f
(expr)2690 5728 w
9 CW f
(do {)1 216 1 2904 5728 t
9 I f
(anything)3174 5728 w
9 CW f
(})3543 5728 w
(if)1440 5838 w
9 I f
(expr)1602 5838 w
9 CW f
(then {)1 324 1 1816 5838 t
9 I f
(anything)2194 5838 w
9 CW f
(} else {)2 432 1 2563 5838 t
9 I f
(anything)3049 5838 w
9 CW f
(})3418 5838 w
(copy)1440 5948 w
9 I f
(file)1710 5948 w
9 CW f
(copy thru)1 486 1 1440 6058 t
9 I f
(macro)1980 6058 w
9 CW f
(copy)1440 6168 w
9 I f
(file)1710 6168 w
9 CW f
(thru)1879 6168 w
9 I f
(macro)2149 6168 w
9 CW f
(sh {)1 216 1 1440 6278 t
9 I f
(commandline)1710 6278 w
9 CW f
(})2249 6278 w
(print)1440 6388 w
9 I f
(expr)1764 6388 w
9 CW f
(reset)1440 6498 w
9 I f
(optional var-list)1 583 1 1764 6498 t
(troff-command)1440 6608 w
10 R f
( semicolons; a long element may be continued by ending the line with a)13 2893(Elements are separated by newlines or)5 1537 2 970 6824 t
( are introduced by a)4 792(backslash. Comments)1 897 2 720 6944 t
10 CW f
(#)2434 6944 w
10 R f
(and terminated by a newline.)4 1156 1 2519 6944 t
( and variable names)3 810( Place)1 271( with a lower case letter; place names begin with upper case.)11 2471(Variable names begin)2 878 4 970 7100 t
(retain their values from one picture to the next.)8 1877 1 720 7220 t
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10 R f
(- 22 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
(The current position and direction of motion are saved upon entry to a)12 2801 1 970 840 t
10 CW f
({...})3796 840 w
10 R f
(block and restored upon exit.)4 1162 1 4121 840 t
( enclosed in)2 511(Elements within a block)3 1017 2 970 996 t
10 CW f
([...])2540 996 w
10 R f
(are treated as a unit; the dimensions are determined by the)10 2493 1 2907 996 t
( a block are local to that)6 995( variables, and direction of motion within)6 1699( Names,)1 359(extreme points of the contained objects.)5 1627 4 720 1116 t
(block.)720 1236 w
10 I f
(troff-command)970 1392 w
10 R f
( to make sense in the context)6 1238( a line is assumed)4 757( Such)1 263(is any line that begins with a period.)7 1540 4 1602 1392 t
(where it appears; accordingly, if it doesn't work, don't call.)9 2373 1 720 1512 t
10 B f
(Primitives)720 1752 w
10 R f
(The primitive objects are)3 1001 1 970 1908 t
9 I f
(primitive)1008 2078 w
9 CW f
(:)1333 2078 w
(box)1440 2188 w
(circle)1440 2298 w
(ellipse)1440 2408 w
(arc)1440 2518 w
(line)1440 2628 w
(arrow)1440 2738 w
(spline)1440 2848 w
(move)1440 2958 w
9 I f
(text-list)1440 3068 w
10 CW f
(arrow)720 3248 w
10 R f
(is a synonym for)3 669 1 1045 3248 t
10 CW f
(line ->)1 385 1 1739 3248 t
10 R f
(.)2124 3248 w
10 B f
(Attributes)720 3488 w
10 R f
(An)970 3644 w
10 I f
(attribute-list)1127 3644 w
10 R f
( attribute consists of a keyword, perhaps fol-)7 1857(is a sequence of zero or more attributes; each)8 1880 2 1663 3644 t
(lowed by a value.)3 704 1 720 3764 t
9 I f
(attribute)1008 3934 w
9 CW f
(:)1318 3934 w
(h\(eigh\)t)1368 4044 w
9 I f
(expr)1854 4044 w
9 CW f
(wid\(th\))2808 4044 w
9 I f
(expr)3240 4044 w
9 CW f
(rad\(ius\))1368 4154 w
9 I f
(expr)1854 4154 w
9 CW f
(diam\(eter\))2808 4154 w
9 I f
(expr)3402 4154 w
9 CW f
(up)1368 4264 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)1530 4264 w
9 CW f
(down)2808 4264 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)3078 4264 w
9 CW f
(right)1368 4374 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)1692 4374 w
9 CW f
(left)2808 4374 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)3078 4374 w
9 CW f
(from)1368 4484 w
9 I f
(position)1638 4484 w
9 CW f
(to)2808 4484 w
9 I f
(position)2970 4484 w
9 CW f
(at)1368 4594 w
9 I f
(position)1530 4594 w
9 CW f
(with)2808 4594 w
9 I f
(corner)3078 4594 w
9 CW f
(by)1368 4704 w
9 I f
(expr, expr)1 366 1 1530 4704 t
9 CW f
(then)2808 4704 w
(dotted)1368 4814 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)1746 4814 w
9 CW f
(dashed)2808 4814 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)3186 4814 w
9 CW f
(chop)1368 4924 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)1638 4924 w
9 CW f
(-> <- <->)2 594 1 2808 4924 t
(invis solid)1 1710 1 1368 5034 t
(fill)1368 5144 w
9 I f
(opt-expr)1638 5144 w
9 CW f
(same)2808 5144 w
9 I f
(text-list expr)1 1600 1 1368 5254 t
10 R f
( all primitives; irrelevant)3 1012( all attributes make sense for)5 1175( Not)1 206(Missing attributes and values are filled in from defaults.)8 2287 4 720 5434 t
( attribute)1 372( The)1 219(ones are silently ignored.)3 1046 3 720 5554 t
10 CW f
(at)2396 5554 w
10 R f
(causes the geometrical center to be put at the specified place;)10 2568 1 2554 5554 t
10 CW f
(with)5160 5554 w
10 R f
( lines, splines and arcs,)4 949( For)1 196( the specified place.)3 813(causes the position on the object to be put at)9 1822 4 720 5674 t
10 CW f
(height)4532 5674 w
10 R f
(and)4924 5674 w
10 CW f
(width)5100 5674 w
10 R f
( bare)1 196( A)1 122(refer to arrowhead size.)3 940 3 720 5794 t
10 I f
(expr)2003 5794 w
10 R f
(implies motion in the current direction.)5 1566 1 2205 5794 t
10 B f
(Text)720 6034 w
10 R f
( it is placed at the geometrical center of the object.)10 2065(Text is normally an attribute of some primitive; by default)9 2365 2 970 6190 t
( A)1 124(Stand-alone text is also permitted.)4 1371 2 720 6310 t
10 I f
(text-list)2242 6310 w
10 R f
( string optionally followed)3 1067(is a list of text items; a text item is a quoted)11 1764 2 2569 6310 t
(by positioning requests:)2 956 1 720 6430 t
9 I f
(text-item)1008 6600 w
9 CW f
(:)1323 6600 w
("...")1440 6710 w
9 I f
(positioning ...)1 497 1 1764 6710 t
9 CW f
(sprintf\(")1440 6820 w
9 I f
(format)1926 6820 w
9 CW f
(",)2166 6820 w
9 I f
(expr)2328 6820 w
9 CW f
(,)2488 6820 w
9 I f
(...)2596 6820 w
9 CW f
(\))2665 6820 w
9 I f
(positioning ...)1 497 1 2773 6820 t
(positioning)1008 6930 w
9 CW f
(:)1413 6930 w
(center ljust rjust above below)4 1836 1 1440 7040 t
10 R f
( Positioning)1 524( centered vertically except as qualified.)5 1647(If there are multiple text items for some primitive, they are)10 2509 3 720 7220 t
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10 R f
(- 23 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
(requests apply to each item independently.)5 1703 1 720 840 t
(Text items can contain)3 913 1 970 996 t
10 I f
(troff)1910 996 w
10 R f
( and font changes, local motions, etc., but make sure that these)11 2532(commands for size)2 758 2 2110 996 t
(are balanced so that the entering state is restored before exiting.)10 2541 1 720 1116 t
10 B f
(Positions and places)2 857 1 720 1356 t
10 R f
(A position is ultimately an)4 1062 1 970 1512 t
10 I f
(x,y)2057 1512 w
10 R f
(coordinate pair, but it may be specified in other ways.)9 2149 1 2195 1512 t
9 I f
(position)1008 1682 w
9 CW f
(:)1298 1682 w
9 I f
(expr, expr)1 366 1 1440 1792 t
(place)1440 1902 w
9 S f
(\261)1689 1902 w
9 I f
(expr, expr)1 366 1 1793 1902 t
(place)1440 2012 w
9 S f
(\261)1689 2012 w
9 CW f
(\()1793 2012 w
9 I f
(expr, expr)1 366 1 1901 2012 t
9 CW f
(\))2321 2012 w
(\()1440 2122 w
9 I f
(position)1548 2122 w
9 CW f
(,)1838 2122 w
9 I f
(position)1915 2122 w
9 CW f
(\))2259 2122 w
9 I f
(expr [)1 249 1 1440 2232 t
9 CW f
(of the way)2 540 1 1689 2232 t
9 I f
(])2229 2232 w
9 CW f
(between)2318 2232 w
9 I f
(position)2750 2232 w
9 CW f
(and)3094 2232 w
9 I f
(position)3310 2232 w
(expr)1440 2342 w
9 CW f
(<)1654 2342 w
9 I f
(position)1762 2342 w
9 CW f
(,)2106 2342 w
9 I f
(position)2214 2342 w
9 CW f
(>)2558 2342 w
(\()1440 2452 w
9 I f
(position)1548 2452 w
9 CW f
(\))1892 2452 w
9 I f
(place)1008 2617 w
9 CW f
(:)1203 2617 w
9 I f
(placename optional-corner)1 1014 1 1440 2727 t
(corner)1440 2837 w
9 CW f
(of)1734 2837 w
9 I f
(placename)1896 2837 w
(nth primitive optional-corner)2 1118 1 1440 2947 t
(corner)1440 3057 w
9 CW f
(of)1734 3057 w
9 I f
(nth primitive)1 494 1 1896 3057 t
9 CW f
(Here)1440 3167 w
10 R f
(An)720 3347 w
10 I f
(optional-corner)867 3347 w
10 R f
(is one of the eight compass points or the center or the start or end of a primitive.)17 3201 1 1525 3347 t
9 I f
(optional-corner)1008 3517 w
9 CW f
(:)1578 3517 w
(.n .e .w .s .ne .se .nw .sw .c .start .end)10 2808 1 1440 3627 t
9 I f
(corner)1008 3737 w
9 CW f
(:)1248 3737 w
(top bot left right start end)5 1782 1 1440 3847 t
10 R f
(Each object in a picture has an ordinal number;)8 1885 1 720 4027 t
10 I f
(nth)2630 4027 w
10 R f
(refers to this.)2 524 1 2783 4027 t
9 I f
(nth)1008 4197 w
9 CW f
(:)1123 4197 w
9 I f
(n)1440 4307 w
9 CW f
(th)1485 4307 w
9 I f
(n)1440 4417 w
9 CW f
(th last)1 378 1 1485 4417 t
10 R f
(Since barbarisms like)2 860 1 720 4597 t
10 CW f
(1th)1605 4597 w
10 R f
(and)1810 4597 w
10 CW f
(3th)1979 4597 w
10 R f
(are barbaric, synonyms like)3 1103 1 2184 4597 t
10 CW f
(1st)3312 4597 w
10 R f
(and)3517 4597 w
10 CW f
(3rd)3686 4597 w
10 R f
(are accepted as well.)3 824 1 3891 4597 t
10 B f
(Variables)720 4837 w
10 R f
(The built-in variables and their default values are:)7 1993 1 970 4993 t
9 CW f
( 0.5)1 216( boxht)1 1116(boxwid 0.75)1 594 3 1368 5163 t
( 0.25)1 270( arcrad)1 1008(circlerad 0.25)1 756 3 1368 5273 t
( 0.5)1 216( ellipseht)1 1116(ellipsewid 0.75)1 810 3 1368 5383 t
( 0.5)1 216( lineht)1 1170(linewid 0.5)1 594 3 1368 5493 t
( 0.5)1 216( moveht)1 1170(movewid 0.5)1 594 3 1368 5603 t
( 0)1 108( textht)1 1278(textwid 0)1 486 3 1368 5713 t
( 0.1)1 216( arrowht)1 1116(arrowwid 0.05)1 702 3 1368 5823 t
( 2)1 108( arrowhead)1 1332(dashwid 0.1)1 594 3 1368 5933 t
( 11)1 162( maxpswid)1 1278(maxpsht 8.5)1 594 3 1368 6043 t
( .3)1 162( fillval)1 1440(scale 1)1 378 3 1368 6153 t
10 R f
( new values remain in force from picture to picture until changed again or)13 2959(These may be changed at any time, and the)8 1721 2 720 6333 t
(reset by a)2 402 1 720 6453 t
10 CW f
(reset)1157 6453 w
10 R f
( changed within)2 658(statement. Variables)1 850 2 1492 6453 t
10 CW f
([)3035 6453 w
10 R f
(and)3130 6453 w
10 CW f
(])3309 6453 w
10 R f
( exit from the)3 568(revert to their previous value upon)5 1428 2 3404 6453 t
( are divided by)3 596(block. Dimensions)1 775 2 720 6573 t
10 CW f
(scale)2116 6573 w
10 R f
(during output.)1 567 1 2441 6573 t
10 B f
(Expressions)720 6813 w
10 R f
(Expressions in)1 597 1 970 6969 t
10 I f
(pic)1604 6969 w
10 R f
( numbers representing dimensions are taken to be in)8 2176( All)1 190(are evaluated in floating point.)4 1271 3 1763 6969 t
(inches.)720 7089 w
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10 R f
(- 24 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
9 I f
(expr)1008 830 w
9 CW f
(:)1168 830 w
9 I f
(expr op expr)2 518 1 1440 940 t
9 CW f
(-)1440 1050 w
9 I f
(expr)1548 1050 w
9 CW f
(!)1440 1160 w
9 I f
(expr)1548 1160 w
9 CW f
(\()1440 1270 w
9 I f
(expr)1548 1270 w
9 CW f
(\))1762 1270 w
(variable)1440 1380 w
(number)1440 1490 w
9 I f
(place)1440 1600 w
9 CW f
(.x)1689 1600 w
9 I f
(place)1440 1710 w
9 CW f
(.y)1689 1710 w
9 I f
(place)1440 1820 w
9 CW f
(.ht)1689 1820 w
9 I f
(place)1440 1930 w
9 CW f
(.wid)1689 1930 w
9 I f
(place)1440 2040 w
9 CW f
(.rad)1689 2040 w
(sin\()1440 2150 w
9 I f
(expr)1656 2150 w
9 CW f
(\) cos\()1 378 1 1816 2150 t
9 I f
(expr)2194 2150 w
9 CW f
(\) atan2\()1 486 1 2354 2150 t
9 I f
(expr)2840 2150 w
9 R f
(,)3007 2150 w
9 I f
(expr)3037 2150 w
9 CW f
(\) log\()1 378 1 3197 2150 t
9 I f
(expr)3575 2150 w
9 CW f
(\) exp\()1 378 1 3735 2150 t
9 I f
(expr)4113 2150 w
9 CW f
(\))4273 2150 w
(sqrt\()1440 2260 w
9 I f
(expr)1710 2260 w
9 CW f
(\) max\()1 378 1 1870 2260 t
9 I f
(expr)2248 2260 w
9 R f
(,)2415 2260 w
9 I f
(expr)2445 2260 w
9 CW f
(\) min\()1 378 1 2605 2260 t
9 I f
(expr)2983 2260 w
9 R f
(,)3150 2260 w
9 I f
(expr)3180 2260 w
9 CW f
(\) int\()1 378 1 3340 2260 t
9 I f
(expr)3718 2260 w
9 CW f
(\) rand\(\))1 486 1 3878 2260 t
9 I f
(op)1008 2370 w
9 CW f
(:)1098 2370 w
( % \303)2 432( /)1 162( *)1 216(+ -)1 216 4 1440 2480 t
(< <= > >= == != && ||)7 1512 1 1440 2590 t
10 B f
(Definitions)720 2890 w
10 R f
(The)970 3046 w
10 CW f
(define)1150 3046 w
10 R f
(and)1535 3046 w
10 CW f
(undef)1704 3046 w
10 R f
(statements are not part of the grammar.)6 1566 1 2029 3046 t
9 I f
(define)1008 3216 w
9 CW f
(:)1228 3216 w
(define)1440 3326 w
9 I f
(name)1818 3326 w
9 CW f
({)2067 3326 w
9 I f
(replacement text)1 598 1 2175 3326 t
9 CW f
(})2827 3326 w
9 I f
(undef)1008 3436 w
9 CW f
(:)1208 3436 w
(undef)1440 3546 w
9 I f
(name)1764 3546 w
10 R f
(Occurrences of)1 617 1 720 3726 t
10 CW f
($1)1374 3726 w
10 R f
(,)1494 3726 w
10 CW f
($2)1556 3726 w
10 R f
(, etc., in the replacement text will be replaced by the corresponding arguments if)13 3366 1 1676 3726 t
10 I f
(name)5079 3726 w
10 R f
(is)5333 3726 w
(invoked as)1 430 1 720 3846 t
9 I f
(name)1008 4016 w
9 CW f
(\()1203 4016 w
9 I f
(arg1)1257 4016 w
9 CW f
(,)1427 4016 w
9 I f
(arg2)1535 4016 w
9 CW f
(, ...\))1 324 1 1705 4016 t
10 R f
( replaced by null strings.)4 1033(Non-existent arguments are)2 1125 2 720 4196 t
10 I f
(Replacement text)1 696 1 2940 4196 t
10 R f
( The)1 217(may contain newlines.)2 920 2 3673 4196 t
10 CW f
(undef)4847 4196 w
10 R f
(state-)5184 4196 w
(ment removes the definition of a macro.)6 1600 1 720 4316 t
10 B f
(The .PS and .PE Macros)4 1045 1 720 4556 t
10 R f
(This is the default definition of the)6 1388 1 970 4712 t
10 CW f
(.PS)2383 4712 w
10 R f
(and)2588 4712 w
10 CW f
(.PE)2757 4712 w
10 R f
(macros:)2962 4712 w
9 CW f
(.de PS \\" start picture; $1 is height, $2 is width, in inches)12 3294 1 1062 4882 t
(.sp .3)1 324 1 1062 4992 t
(.in \(\\\\n\(.lu-\\\\$2\)/2u)1 1134 1 1062 5102 t
(.ne \\\\$1)1 432 1 1062 5212 t
(..)1062 5322 w
(.de PE \\" end of picture)5 1296 1 1062 5432 t
(.in)1062 5542 w
(.sp .6)1 324 1 1062 5652 t
(..)1062 5762 w
10 B f
(Summary of Features Added Since Original Version)6 2233 1 720 6062 t
10 R f
(The built-in functions)2 872 1 970 6218 t
10 CW f
(sin)1867 6218 w
10 R f
(,)2047 6218 w
10 CW f
(cos)2097 6218 w
10 R f
(,)2277 6218 w
10 CW f
(atan2)2327 6218 w
10 R f
(,)2627 6218 w
10 CW f
(log)2677 6218 w
10 R f
(,)2857 6218 w
10 CW f
(exp)2907 6218 w
10 R f
(,)3087 6218 w
10 CW f
(sqrt)3137 6218 w
10 R f
(,)3377 6218 w
10 CW f
(max)3427 6218 w
10 R f
(,)3607 6218 w
10 CW f
(min)3657 6218 w
10 R f
(,)3837 6218 w
10 CW f
(int)3887 6218 w
10 R f
(, and)1 194 1 4067 6218 t
10 CW f
(rand)4286 6218 w
10 R f
(are available.)1 531 1 4551 6218 t
(The)970 6374 w
10 CW f
(copy)1150 6374 w
10 R f
(statement includes data from a file or that follows immediately:)9 2539 1 1415 6374 t
9 CW f
(copy ")1 324 1 1008 6544 t
9 I f
(filename)1332 6544 w
9 CW f
(")1642 6544 w
(copy thru)1 486 1 1008 6654 t
9 I f
(macro)1548 6654 w
9 CW f
(copy ")1 324 1 1008 6764 t
9 I f
(filename)1332 6764 w
9 CW f
(" thru)1 324 1 1642 6764 t
9 I f
(macro)2020 6764 w
10 R f
(The)720 6944 w
10 I f
(macro)903 6944 w
10 R f
( is)1 96( no filename)2 505( If)1 119(may be either the name of a defined macro, or the body of a macro enclosed in braces.)17 3494 4 1186 6944 t
(given,)720 7064 w
10 CW f
(copy)992 7064 w
10 R f
(copies the input until the next)5 1186 1 1257 7064 t
10 CW f
(.PE)2468 7064 w
10 R f
(.)2648 7064 w
(The)970 7220 w
10 CW f
(for)1150 7220 w
10 R f
(and)1355 7220 w
10 CW f
(if)1524 7220 w
10 R f
(statements provide loops and decision-making:)4 1882 1 1669 7220 t
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10 R f
(- 25 -)2 216 1 2952 480 t
9 CW f
(for)1008 830 w
9 I f
(var)1224 830 w
9 CW f
(=)1344 830 w
9 I f
(expr)1398 830 w
9 CW f
(to)1612 830 w
9 I f
(expr)1774 830 w
9 CW f
(by)1988 830 w
9 I f
(expr)2150 830 w
9 CW f
(do {)1 216 1 2364 830 t
9 I f
(anything)2634 830 w
9 CW f
(})3003 830 w
(if)1008 940 w
9 I f
(expr)1170 940 w
9 CW f
(then {)1 324 1 1384 940 t
9 I f
(anything)1762 940 w
9 CW f
(} else {)2 432 1 2131 940 t
9 I f
(anything)2617 940 w
9 CW f
(})2986 940 w
10 R f
(The)720 1120 w
10 CW f
(by)900 1120 w
10 R f
(and)1045 1120 w
10 CW f
(else)1214 1120 w
10 R f
( The)1 205(clauses are optional.)2 812 2 1479 1120 t
10 I f
(expr)2522 1120 w
10 R f
(in an)1 198 1 2725 1120 t
10 CW f
(if)2949 1120 w
10 R f
(may use the usual relational operators or the tests)8 1977 1 3095 1120 t
10 I f
(str1)5098 1120 w
10 CW f
(==)5280 1120 w
10 R f
(\(or)720 1240 w
10 CW f
(!=)861 1240 w
10 R f
(\))981 1240 w
10 I f
(str2)1039 1240 w
10 R f
(for two quoted strings.)3 905 1 1220 1240 t
(The)970 1396 w
10 CW f
(sh)1150 1396 w
10 R f
(command executes any sequence of commands, after expanding any defined names:)10 3361 1 1295 1396 t
9 CW f
(sh {)1 216 1 1008 1566 t
9 I f
(anything)1278 1566 w
9 CW f
(})1647 1566 w
10 R f
( used to enclose a body,)5 994(In all of the above, any single character that does not occur within the body may be)16 3436 2 970 1782 t
(instead of braces, as in)4 906 1 720 1902 t
9 CW f
(define name X replacement text X)5 1728 1 1008 2072 t
10 R f
( as an invisi-)3 511(Text strings are first-class citizens: a statement beginning with a sequence of text strings is treated)15 3919 2 970 2288 t
( variable)1 353( The)1 212(ble box with the strings positioned at its center.)8 1947 3 720 2408 t
10 CW f
(textht)3264 2408 w
10 R f
(and)3656 2408 w
10 CW f
(textwid)3831 2408 w
10 R f
(may be set to any values to)6 1118 1 4282 2408 t
( height of)2 383( The)1 205(control positioning.)1 784 3 720 2528 t
10 I f
(n)2117 2528 w
10 R f
(such strings is)2 567 1 2192 2528 t
10 I f
(n)2784 2528 w
10 S f
(\264)2859 2528 w
10 CW f
(textht)2939 2528 w
10 R f
(.)3299 2528 w
(It is possible to convert expressions to formatted strings:)8 2260 1 970 2684 t
9 CW f
(sprintf\(")1008 2854 w
9 I f
(format)1494 2854 w
9 CW f
(",)1734 2854 w
9 I f
(expr)1896 2854 w
9 CW f
(,)2056 2854 w
9 I f
(expr)2164 2854 w
9 CW f
(, ...\))1 324 1 2324 2854 t
10 R f
( of)1 108( Variants)1 388(is equivalent to a quoted string in any context.)8 1846 3 720 3034 t
10 CW f
(%f)3087 3034 w
10 R f
(and)3232 3034 w
10 CW f
(%g)3401 3034 w
10 R f
(are the only sensible format conversions.)5 1636 1 3546 3034 t
(Built-in variables may be reset to default values with)8 2114 1 970 3190 t
10 CW f
(reset)3109 3190 w
10 R f
(.)3409 3190 w
(The)970 3346 w
10 CW f
(undef)1150 3346 w
10 R f
(statement removes a macro definition.)4 1528 1 1475 3346 t
(Arrowheads may be filled with the)5 1389 1 970 3502 t
10 CW f
(arrowhead)2384 3502 w
10 R f
(variable; their positioning is improved on arcs.)6 1868 1 2949 3502 t
( may be set independently from the)6 1487(The width and height of the generated picture)7 1905 2 970 3658 t
10 CW f
(.PS)4400 3658 w
10 R f
(line; the maximum)2 782 1 4618 3658 t
(height and width are set from)5 1173 1 720 3778 t
10 CW f
(maxpsht)1918 3778 w
10 R f
(and)2363 3778 w
10 CW f
(maxpswid)2532 3778 w
10 R f
(.)3012 3778 w
(The state of)2 471 1 970 3934 t
10 I f
(troff)1466 3934 w
10 R f
('s fill or no-fill mode is preserved around a picture.)9 2046 1 1639 3934 t
(Input numbers may be expressed in)5 1417 1 970 4090 t
10 CW f
(E)2412 4090 w
10 R f
(notation.)2497 4090 w
( number of objects, text strings, etc., may be used;)9 2069( Any)1 229( well.)1 229(Numerous internal changes have been made as)6 1903 4 970 4246 t
( inches instead of units for a particular typeset-)8 1906( is now produced in)4 808( Output)1 333(the only limit is total available memory.)6 1633 4 720 4366 t
(ter, so the)2 391 1 720 4486 t
10 CW f
(-T)1136 4486 w
10 R f
(option has gone away.)3 893 1 1281 4486 t
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